My Yoga Experience

In the contemporary world, life can really be hectic and stressful. The influx of schedules for work, school and others have taken most of the time of people's daily routine. Leaving them with little time for themselves to unwind and relax. This is the point when people start to get saturated from their lives thus the feeling of lethargy and void. They tend to look for an escape to the world of routines and deadlines. But vacations or leaves should not be just once or twice a year, these activities should be embedded into people's everyday lives. I, for one, have experienced overworking myself to the point that I have neglected the state of my health. I was too busy that I have forgotten to eat regularly and to sleep on time. Basically, I was so engrossed with my work that I became unaware of the negative effects of my actions. As a result, I was exhausted all the time, I got sick more often and my body began to deteriorate externally and internally. When I realized that these consequences could really harm me, I started to modify my schedule. I gradually lessened my work load and allotted more time for wellness and relaxation. I found yoga as the best method for natural healing. Ever since I became involved in this kind of physical exercise, days of restlessness and fast-paced itineraries were long gone. Yoga have really changed the way I live my life. It is not only the toning of the physical body but of the mind and spirit as well. Yoga is holistic experience that strengthen all the aspects of being human. For centuries, yoga have been practiced as a form of relaxation and exercise that emanated in India. According to Sanskrit, an ancient Indian language, yoga means â€Å"union. † It is presumed that the term â€Å"union† describes the relationship between the â€Å"mind, body and spirit. † More so, yoga is also called â€Å"asana† which refers to the â€Å"practice of physical postures or poses. † It is part of â€Å"eight ‘limbs’ of yoga wherein the â€Å"the majority of which are more concerned with mental and spiritual well being than physical activity† (Pizer, 2007, â€Å"What is Yoga? †). Moreover, based on advaita vedanta, a yoga philosophy, the goal in life is to determine true origin or nature of oneself which is also typically called by many as â€Å"self realization or God realization† (Advaita Yoga Ashrama, 2008, â€Å"Four Margas or Paths of Yoga†). To fully appreciate the world of yoga, I also studied its history and fundamental principles. Yoga originated from the â€Å"Indus Valley civilization. † The term yogi is accredited to those who practice yoga. For the yogis, yoga techniques are actuated to attain amplify spirituality. Also, they â€Å"encourage the union with the finite jiva (transitory self) and with the infinite Brahman (eternal self) which is also used to refer to ‘God'. † Yogis believe in Pantheism which teaches that â€Å"God is everything† wherein God is an an impersonal, spiritual substance, coexisting with all of reality. Through this doctrine, human beings can be considered as a God but because of ignorance people cannot comprehend they are God. In order to resolve this dilemma, enlightenment or an experience of union with God is needed (Allaboutspirituality. org â€Å"History of Yoga†). Before I started to practice yoga, I was a little bit apprehensive. I thought from what I saw on the television and magazines that doing yoga would only entail stretching and meditating. Also, the testimonials who have tried yoga have affected my judgment about it. Most of them disclosed that yoga is a form of physical exercise that tones the body. I was skeptic that it would bring me relaxation and tranquility because my mind usually wanders whenever I am idle and physical activities are not my idea of leisure. I finally tried yoga when my friend insisted that my preconceived notions are incorrect. So to end our bickering about the subject, I decided to attend a class. After only one session, all my assumptions were falsified. It came to my surprise that yoga is nothing what I have imagined. In an instant, I fell in love with yoga and I clamored for more so I took it up regularly. The practice of yoga had really improved my body, health and even my outlook in life. What sets yoga apart from other natural healing methods is that it aims for perfection. Practitioners of yoga must try to naturally attain perfection to achieve enlightenment. However, in order to get there, one should eliminate being self-centered. The path to perfection must be free from hurdles that would make practitioners of yoga deviate from their original goal. So, intense discipline of the mind, body and spirit are the fundamental factors needed to make perfection materialized. At a cost of $12 to $16 per session, attending yoga classes is really cheap. But there is a more inexpensive way of doing yoga which is by taking bundle sessions that cost about $50 to $190 for 10 sessions. I chose the bundle sessions because achieving the effects of yoga do not happen overnight, it will take some time, effort and dedication before a practitioner can see and feel the results. During the beginner's phase of my yoga classes, my instructor taught us different positions and the seven â€Å"chakras† or energy centers. The first chakra is â€Å"Muladhara†which is located below the spine. This brings stability and solidity to yogis. The proper posture for this chakra is the â€Å"setu bandhasana† or â€Å"bridge† which revitalizes the thigh and abdominal muscles. The second chakra is called â€Å"Svadhisthana† which connotes sweetness and it is located at â€Å"the lower abdomen and womb area. † The â€Å"Bhujanasana or The Cobra† is the appropriate position for this chakra which starts with a lying position then the upper body is slowly drawn upwards. The third chakra is called â€Å"Manipura† which when translated refers to yellow lustrous gem. â€Å"Manipura† chakra can be found at the area of the solar plexus and the navel. This chakra can channel will and power if the correct posture is used. The â€Å"Dhanaurasana â€Å" or â€Å"The Bow† position concentrates on the belly. It massages the muscles for easy digestion. The fourth chakra is â€Å"Anahata† which is situated at the heart and its function is anything that concerns with love. â€Å"Ushtrasana† of â€Å"The Camel† is the best position to open this chakra. â€Å"Visuddha† is the fifth chakra which is positioned at the throat. This chakra can purify the body using its corresponding posture called â€Å"Matsyasana† or â€Å"The Fish† which is good for â€Å"opening and calling attention to the throat. The sixth chakra is called â€Å"Anja† which means â€Å"to know, to percieve, to command† while the last chakra is â€Å"Sahasrara† that means thousandfold. â€Å"Anja† is located at the head around the area of the third eye while â€Å"Sahasrara† is the crown o r the topmost part of the head. Both chakras can be opened using the seated yoga Mudra which will bring attention to the head of the body (About. com â€Å"Chakras and Yoga Postures). All of these postures can vary depending on the yogi. It must be balanced with proper body postures and breathing to feel the healing power of yoga. More so, it is important to note that there are several stages of yoga and practitioners must know their body limits to avoid straining the muscles and accidents as well. Yoga have helped me in many ways to improve my self. I joined yoga classes unaware of the many benefits that I could gain from it. My lifestyle is now free from stress and tension. Moreover, yoga have trained me to be more disciplined in keeping my body, mind and spirit healthy. Now, I can enjoy life at my own pace without any worries and insecurities and I can also appreciate more the beauty of nature. Works Cited â€Å"Chakras and Yoga Postures.† 2008. About.com. 22 July 2008 ;http://healing.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya;sdn=healing;cdn=religion;tm=264;f=20;tt=14;bt= 0;bts=0;zu=http%3A//members.tripod.com/%7Ekira_lis/chakra1.html; â€Å"Four Margas or Paths of Yoga.† 2008. Yoga108.org. 22 July 2008 ;http://yoga108.org/pages/show/7-four-margas-four-paths-of-yoga;. â€Å"History of Yoga.† 2008. Allaboutspirituality.org. 22 July 2008 ;http://www.allaboutspirituality.org/history-of-yoga.htm;. Pizer, Ann. â€Å"What is Yoga?† 26 November 2007. About.com. 22 July 2008 ;http://yoga.about.com/od/beginningyoga/a/whatisyoga.htm;.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Info Tech Essay

1.more time: I.T has made it possible for businesses to be open 24/7 all over the globe, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient.it also means that u can have goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. 2.bridging the cultural gap: I.T has helped bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow the exchange of views and ideas.increasing the awareness and reducing prejudice. 3.communication:communication has become cheaper,quicker and more efficient. we can contact anyone in the word simply by sending them and email or using one of the social networks for almost an instantaneous response.the internet has opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world by video conferencing. disadvantages 1.unemployment: while I.T may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. this means all the middle class jobs have been gotten rid of causing more people to loose their jobs 2.lack of job security: industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue since technology keeps on changing everyday. this means that one has to be in a constant learning mode if he or she wishes to keep their job secure. 3.privacy: though I.T has made communication cheaper,faster and more convenient, it has also brought along some privacy issues.(eg. email hacking) people are now worried about their once private information  becoming puplic knowledge.

Knowledge is power

In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is power In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is power In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is Power The differences in cultural beliefs and traditions resulted in the difficulty of Cambodian migrants in adjusting to the lifestyle in the United States. However, due to the way American culture affects the way these people live, gradual changes had been seen. It is through this that we see a shift in the perception of Cambodian refugees concerning different things. In the end, such redefinition of concepts and knowledge cemented the Southeast Asians into the American welfare state.Looking at the issue presented by Ong, there are indeed drastic changes and a gradual shift as far as knowledge is concerned within the parameters of refugees living in the United States. Seeing these there are two (2) ways in which the production of knowledge increased which in turn cemented the role of South East Asians in the region. First, is that it created an opportunity for the acculturation process to happen among Cambodian immigrants in the United States. Seeing the catastrophe in Cambodia, resident s sought to look for places that their security and stability can be assured. â€Å"By raising their arms, they elected to go to America, the home of freedom and wealth, far away from the demented Pol Pot regime, the chaos, poverty, and political uncertainty of Cambodia.† (Ong, 2003)The obvious problem that can be seen during the first entry of Cambodians in the United States was the issue of adjusting to the different norms and practices by the state. â€Å"The most obvious difficulties faced by Cambodian refugees in the United States have to do with intergenerational conflicts, shifting gender norms and opportunities, problems of economic marginalization, and problems of racial discrimination—all of which are mediated by state interventions in making these immigrants into â€Å"good citizens.† (AESonline.org, 2006) Though such case may be problematic, it solidified the information needed and the requirements set to become integrated into the state.Another pro blem within the realms of acculturation is the shifting of power by those who speak the language at to those who do not. â€Å"The change in power relations between parents and children led to children being frustrated with parents not being able to help them with homework.† (Vang, 2004, p.2) Another issue that can be analyzed in the situation is the role of both men and women particularly among Cambodian refugees. â€Å"For men and women, welfare dependency increased women’s power relative to men’s† (Vang, 2004, p.2)Also, there is the case of trying to cope and adjust to the service providers that caters to the services of both refugees and immigrants. â€Å"By having the right to intervene in domestic disputes and to set new norms of gender behavior, service workers were able to redefine refugee ethnicity morally, a process that also legitimized their professional domination over impoverished, disadvantaged, and racialized Americans† (Ong, p.167) This in turn created a spectrum of actions among the service providers as a means of acculturating the Cambodian immigrants/ refugees. â€Å"Similarly, the involvement of social workers in family life results for some in new opportunities for restructuring domestic gender and generational dynamics, whereas for others, it becomes a means of reinforcing traditional relations of hierarchy and community.The second reason is that the production of knowledge also legitimized the role of Cambodian refugees in the society. This means that these people, after the adjustment process became part of the overall dynamics and processes in the American society. â€Å"Such authority resulted in the refugees having to define and redefine themselves to â€Å"fit† into particular categories in order to obtain resources for survival.† (Vang, 2004, p.2)However, the legitimization only serves as a complement for every citizenry and for the part of the minority this means very little. Yes, such actions may seem beneficial in the way that they can acquire services from the welfare state, but overall the treatment among immigrants is the same as of blacks and other minorities. â€Å"It also appears that assumptions about the black and Hispanic underclass colored the teachers' expectations about the precariousness of the refugee's self-sufficiency, the limited kinds of jobs they could potentially fill, and their need for social discipline on arrival on the American mainland† (Ong, 2003, p.84)In the end, such knowledge of the situation paved the way for the development of new understandings and practices that is only unique to Cambodian refugees. It created a new avenue for changes that both showcased the good side and bad side of things. The dynamics of cultural activity are presented by Ong in the book and such creatively served the way Southeast Asians became part of the American society and culture.ReferencesAESonline.org. (2006) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citi zenship, The New America.Ong, A. (2003) Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. CaliforniaSeries in Public Anthropology, vol. 5. (Berkeley and London: University of California Press)Vang, C.Y. (2004) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citizenship, The New America. Review.

Stanley Milgram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stanley Milgram - Essay Example The respondents ("teachers") should switch on electric shocks of different voltage if "learners" (persons recruited by Milgram) made mistakes in their responses. The experiment showed that "65% of his subjects, ordinary residents of New Haven, were willing to give apparently harmful electric shocks-up to 450 volts-to a pitifully protesting victim, simply because a scientific authority commanded them to" (Milgram Basics). So, there is a question: is it possible that an ordinary person (e.g. the teacher) will obey authority so blindly that they will harm another (e.g. the learner) As the experiment shows, it is rather possible, and this possibility is determined by our attitude to authority and the features of human nature. In the experiment the respondents were said that the experimenter was responsible for the punishment results, and "teachers" decided to punish the "learners" having taken into account this fact. But in addition to that, the "teachers" were less willing to punish in the following cases: when the experimenter communicated with them via telephone, and when the "teachers" should held the "learner's" hand on the shock plate.

Euro-civlization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Euro-civlization - Essay Example Thus Pope Boniface VIII was tried posthumously for apostasy, murder and sodomy. The Templars were tried as Devil-Invoking heretics. Anyone who could actually read so-called witchcraft texts was often suspected of being in league with the Devil merely because they were literate. Thus the elite were in some way condemned by the spread of a popular culture of fear regarding witchcraft. The "Caroline Code", the basic law code of the Holy Roman Empire (1532) imposed heavy penalties for witchcraft. As society became more literate (due mostly to the invention of the Printing Press in the 1440s), increasing numbers of books and tracts fuelled the witch fears. More people were becoming literate, books were cheaper to print and thus became available in greater numbers and were within reach of more of the population. Witchcraft was thus more likely to occur within the logic of the Witch Craze mindset. A sense of community, both within the wide context of countries and within local areas, was starting to break down because of the growth in a peculiar kind of paranoia. In 1630 the nuns of Loudun provided an interesting view of the Witch Craze and the extremes to which it could go. The nuns conspired to accuse Father Urbain Grandier of witchcraft by faking symptoms of possession and torment. They feigned convulsions, rolled and gibbered on the ground, and accused Grandier of indecencies. Grandier was convicted and burned at the stake. But after his death, and thus after the plot had succeeded, the symptoms of the nuns only grew worse, and they became more and more sexual in nature. This shows the degree of mania and insanity present in such witch trials. Community had often broken down into a series of groups that were always suspicious of others and afraid of being accused themselves. The breakdown of community reflected the wide rift that occurred during the period between Catholics and Protestants. Catholics often accused Protestants of witchcraft, such as when the Jesuits pursued them in Austria for a hundred years after 1560. Protestants in turn did the same, such as occurred during Henry VIII's reign in England in the 1500's. Thus "witch" was used convenient label that could be used as a tool against one's enemies, political, cultural or personal. 2) Language itself-as I have so often mentioned- is a primary source of information about its author's attitudes towards phenomenon described. Do a literary deconstruction of Las Casas' language by making two lists of metaphors- one for Spaniards, the other for Indians- as these appear in his text. It is the tension between theses two sets of images which creates the dynamism in this text. Pay special attention to gender as you do this. Who is masculine, who is feminine and what are the implications thereof Consider the following section from Los Casas' description of the Spanish treatment of the Indians in Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1542): Yet into this sheepfold, into this land of meek outcasts there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts, wolves, tigers, or lions that had been starved for many days. And Spaniards have behaved in no other way during tla! past forty years, down to the present time, for they are still acting like ravening beasts, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied

Wellness Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wellness Management - Essay Example They also include medical screening as well as on-site fitness programs and many more. The bottom line of these wellness plans is that healthy employees are considered to more productive and better for companies. Employees are considered to be the most valuable possessions of the company. (Treacy). The companies improve wellbeing and job satisfaction by conducting these wellness programs such as Zippos and Google are doing. In these programs, companies provide different facilities to the employees. For example, a company facilitates them with health regarding facilities, also allows time for the exercise and different healthy activities. The company gives the facility of the on-site kitchen and eating bar to promote healthy food consumption. For the sake of wellness program, the company also offers financial and other incentives as well. Wellness program also consists of various effective workplace programs and also maintains a health-focused environment that significantly benefits e mployers, employees, and their families. Wellness programs are not supposed to be costly at all as they can be designed using various low cost activities and regimes. It states that by practicing a wellness program, the company does not only get productive employees but it also drives the company towards achieving long-term benefits. Collectively, it can be stated that wellness programs are the fundamental need of any company’s strategy. These programs are based upon different activities such as health education and weight management programs.

SPIRITUAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SPIRITUAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT - Essay Example In the future, I would focus more on spirituality to make my approach universal rather than being specific because not all people welcome religion. The tool however helped for the interviewee to open up that sometimes he has a need for someone bigger than him when he feels lonely. The tool is non-judgmental and compassionate in approach and this helped me get through the defenses of the interviewee. The spiritual experience I had with my interviewee was fulfilling. At first he was resistant and does not want to admit that he too, just like all of us, needs some divine guidance. Eventually however, he softened and he in fact calls out for God during his moments of despair. The non-judgmental approach of the tool help him opened up which he used to find very difficult for fear of reprisal. On my end, the tool helped me connect and get through the seemingly tough exterior of the interviewee. It also helped me understand that the stress and negative experiences that the interviewee undergone made him hard and defensive. For example, when I asked about his down moments, the interviewee initially played tough that he can handle anything. The tool help me get through him and address his spiritual need. The experience affirmed by belief that all of us need â€Å"Somebody† bigger than us especially during our tough times. As the saying goes, â€Å"there is no atheist in a foxhole† because human strength will always fail us. We could appear tough just like my friend but it is really just a defense mechanism to make him look strong with his peers. Deep inside however, he also have spiritual needs which when explored, is actually bigger than most of us because it has long been repressed due to his negative experiences and fear that society may judge him as weak. When I made him open up, it was like a floodgate of pent up emotions and suppressed pains that has long been buried beneath him. I promised that whatever he tells

Victimology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Victimology - Research Paper Example Moreover, the rights of the victims should also be considered in plea agreements in the court system. However, this does not imply that the victims of the offense in question should dictate the terms and type of the plea agreements. It simply means, when deciding on which plea agreement the prosecutor should give the offender, he or she should consider the effect the offense resulted in to the victim. For example in this case study, Mr. C is an elderly citizen and truly deserves leniency from the prosecutor. However, due to his drunk driving a man dearly loved by his wife lost his life. This loss of life resulted in a lot of emotional pain, and to some extent economic stress to the victim since naturally the husband might have been the bread winner. Hence, I would advise Mrs. C to follow up on the plea agreement since it is her right to be involved in the discussions of the plea agreement. It is the duty of the Judge or Magistrate to make sure that the victim’s rights are upheld during plea agreements. For example, in the case against Mr. C it is the duty of the Judge assigned to the case to inform Mrs. C that she should be involved in the plea agreement. The judge should also make sure that the victim’s rights are upheld by instructing the prosecution to involve her in the plea agreement between the state and Mr. C. The victim rights should and are considered by both the prosecution and Judge listening to the case. However, the victim is not involved in the sentencing. This is prohibited. There are various reasons why victims are not part of the decision regarding sentencing. One such reason is that the victim is expected to be biased due to the emotional effect the offense had on him or her. For example, Mrs. B is obviously very bitter at Mr. C for killing her husband. She feels like Mr. C took her husband away from her. Hence, she is very bitter at him and is obviously seeking revenge more than justice. So she would prefer a

Discuss the maintenance of altruism in the social amoeba Dictyostelium Essay

Discuss the maintenance of altruism in the social amoeba Dictyostelium doscoideum - Essay Example The separation of cheaters reduces the occurrence of cheating by the high genetic relatedness selection of cheaters according to the Kin-selection theory. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium Doscoideum which occurs in soil samples, the relatedness in natural groups is high enough to prevent the spread of destructive social cheaters. High relatedness can control a mutant that would otherwise at low relatedness destroy cooperation. The importance of relatedness is however challenged by the life cycle of social amoeba in the selection to prevent cheating. The altruism of amoeba is featured in the death of some amoeba to ensure the survival of the majority. When the bacterial source of food of amoeba that are naturally solitary organisms is depleted, they aggregate themselves to form a multicellular fruiting body where 25% of the cells die to form a stem that raises the remaining cells high enough for dispersal (Gilbert et al, 2007). The mixture of different clones creates the opportunity for cheaters and co-operators to form the group where they can cheat each other, for example in avoiding creating the stalk. Gilbert et al (2007) used mechanisms such as the estimation of relatedness in nature, searching for cheater mutants in nature and the examination of the cheating advantage of the fbxA . The relatedness is high in the co-operative groups of Dictyostelium Doscoideum since the organism forms fruiting bodies more often with organisms of the same kin. Fruiting bodies that were observed 92% were found to be of one clone (Gilbert et al, 2007). The high level of relatedness reduced the opportunity of cheaters gaining by avoiding forming the stalk which would be costly to the survival of the cells. The socially disruptive cheating mutant fbxA which cheats in chimeras was found to produce little or no spores on its own and hence it would be disastrous if allowed to spread. It would spread at low relatedness to reduce co-operation in the normal fruiting of cells and red uce the formation of spores which could result in extinction. Similarly, the mutant dimAÂ ­? is a social defector that fails to react to the signals to become part of the sterile stalk. The pleiotropic effect due to high relatedness of cells which occurs late during their development discourages cheating hence the dimAÂ ­? is usually unsuccessful. According to Khare et al (2009), some of the mechanisms that can be used to restrain cheating behaviour in nature include lowering the fitness of the cheater by intrinsic selection, pleiotropy of the cheater gene, the high genetic relatedness in natural populations, discrimination on the basis of kin as well as the evolution of the resistance to cheating. This is applied by a population of mutations that are able to resist cheating but this evolution is disadvantageous since it could result in new cheating strategies that could result in the demise of co-operation in these populations. In the research to find out whether it was possible to yield mutants that could resist cheating and still remain co-operative, Khare et al (2009) mixed different mutated cells and allowed them to develop into fruiting bodies and spores. They found that in a natural population of Dictyostelium Doscoideum the wild type allele was replaced during the development of the cells by a mutation that were predicted to be resistant to cheating. They also mixed wild type cells and mutant cells with cheater cells in a ratio 1:1 to

Human resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resource Management - Essay Example However, this paper has selected â€Å"work groups and teams† issue as the topic for discussion. Despite the fact that not much research has happened on groups and teams in organizations as challenge and issue for Human Resource Managers but it definitely is one of the challenges and issues. Human resource manager in most of the cases assume the responsibility of all the human resource of the organization. However, interestingly, they do not deal with each employee individually rather they also make their policies and strategies considering the work groups and teams (Mathis & Jackson, pp. 23-27). Therefore, it becomes extremely important for them to understand groups and work teams, behaviors of individuals in groups and other myths and variables associated with groups and teams. Often managers fail to understand that dealing with groups is an entirely different dimension and requires special attention and homework from the managers. This paper would now discuss all the important elements, variables, concepts and issues related to groups and individual behavior in groups, follo wed by providing with solutions and tips and tricks for managers to deal with problems and issues presented earlier. One of the biggest issues that the HR managers encounter with groups is of their productivity and activity levels. Groups that are temporary in nature always come into existence for achieving some goals or objectives. However, they HR managers while performance appraisals find out and complain about their inefficiency and tendency to avoid work. They always seem to be complaining that groups do not seem to be achieving their targets within the deadlines. This creates an environment of rift and tension and obviously leads to situations that are even more problematic and complex to handle. Important here to understand that research

Business environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business environment - Assignment Example The purpose of these different types of organizations are: Non-profit Organization: Such organization operate to provide services to the community without working on making any profits. Their aim is to improve the community. Such organizations includes universities and charitable organizations. Governmental Organization: These organizations are owned by the government to provide benefit to the citizens in the country. Another purpose is to utilize the resources in the country for the benefit of the community. IKEA is a for-profit organization just like Tesco. IKEAs vision is to create a better everyday life for many people (IKEA, 2014). They do this by introducing a wide product range which includes all kinds of home and even office products at low affordable prices. The vision of Tesco is ‘to be the most highly valued business by: the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed colleagues and of course, our shareholders.’ (McKeown, n.d). Tesco does not specifically deal in one kind of product. Rather Tesco is more of a retail store. IKEA deals with one niche of the retail sector which is home furniture, appliances and accessories. Tesco aims to provide maximum value to its stakeholders which include customers, employees and stakeholders. This vision clearly shows Tesco as a for-profit organization. Even IKEA is a for-profit organization but it has cleverly worded its vision statement to show respect to its customer. This also shows that IKEA is highly customer centric. Organizations today have also begun to include their corporate social responsibility in their vision and mission statement. While the vision statement of IKEA is too broad, Tesco has accepted its corporate social responsibility by including the community in its vision statement. For the customers, IKEA has the objective of increasing their customer base and retaining its

Looking Deathworthy Essay Example for Free

Looking Deathworthy Essay Researchers Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Paul G. Davis Valerie J. Purdie-Vaughns, and Sheri Lynn Johnson studied whether being stereotypically black influences the probability of receiving the death penalty. Sociologist have previously proven that people quickly apply racial stereotypes to blacks who have the stereotypically appearance of a black person. This racial profile effects how people judge an individual and this judgment may very well influence how one is treated by others. This study is important because it shows how racial stereotypes can affect the sentence given to a defendant guilty of murder. The relationship of the different sentences of black on black murders vs. black on white murders is also slightly exposed in this study. For science, this shows a new perspective of how modern society views and profiles African-American men. These stereotypes have and influence on how people treat one another, in this case African-American murder defendants, which is changing society as a whole. Judgment plays a major role in how we interact with one another. The researchers had a very basic research design. There topic was if being stereotypically black influences the possibility of being sentenced with the death penalty. They defined there problem by stating how previous researchers have found a correlation between racial profiling and how people judge others. Researchers have also found that murders of white victims are more likely than murderers of black victims to be sentenced to death. The article Looking Deathworthy by the researchers that conducted this experiment, states that the researchers reviewed plenty of previous studies, theories, and cases. They conducted the experiment in two methods. The first method they showed pictures of 44 black males convicted of murdering white victims in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia during 1979 and 1999, and showing their pictures to raters. The raters where Stanford University undergraduates who were not told the men in the pictures where convicted murderers. They simply rated the men according to how stereotypically black they looked. The researchers found that the defendants who appeared to be more stereotypically black than the others were more likely to receive a death sentence. In the second method, they used the same databases and procedures to see if the same result would be obtained in the experiment if the victims were black. They found that the perceived stereo typicality of black defendants convicted of murdering black victims did not predict a death sentence. There were a couple of limitations made by these researchers that might have effect the outcome of the research. The researchers only used black defendants from the Pennsylvania and Philadelphia area. These changes make the research only correct for that area at that particular time. They should have broadened their case studies to all the states in the U. S. the researchers also only used raters from Standford University. There is a greater chance the people from the same area and same age group judge individuals with the same mentality. They should have used different age groups and people from different backgrounds as raters. T would have made the study more valid. I feel that this was an excellent theory to experiment and I agree that it is true. Capital punishment does give harder sentences for murder defendants who look stereotypically black. However, the study should have been broader. The researchers had variables that if they removed, would have allowed their findings to be more valid.

Engagement In Classroom Participation Education Essay

Engagement In Classroom Participation Education Essay Participation usually means students speaking in class: answer and ask questions, make comments, and join in discussions. Students who do not participate in those ways mentioned above are often considered to be passive and are generally penalized when participation is graded (Jacob chase, 1992). Participation in classroom: To engage the students in Participation in a classroom is an important method of teaching. It provides the students opportunity to receive input from fellow students, to apply their knowledge and to enhance public speaking skills. From the Participation of teachers can get a more accurate idea that what is the understanding level of students about the concept being taught (Maznevski 1996). Engagement in classroom participation: Engagement within the learning environment generally refers to the relationship between the learner and the content or topic being pursued. While the highest levels of engagement are seen when the learner is passionate about the topic, significant levels of engagement can be achieved through a variety strategies that actively involve the learner in activities and environments that make learning both interesting and challenging. Engagement with content leads to higher levels of learning (Whelan, C.1997). Our experience reveals that for many students class participation is a big problem. Teachers often complain about students passive behavior in class participation. But up till now there has been a very little research into the promotion of class participation. But studies have been conducted in social scial sciences and business studies (e.g., Egan 1996, Hyde Ruth 2002, Litz 2003). More often low self-esteem, anxiety, and general lack of confidence is considered responsible for students non-participation in the classroom (Kennedy, 1997; Thomson, 2001). Student Participation: Lack of participation could be due to multiple factors. My first thought was that students reluctance could be due to lack of understanding, but it could very well be that he does not feel connected to the curriculum; he cannot relate to it. Students who are empowered by their school experiences develop ability, confidence, and motivation to succeed academically. They participate competently in instruction as a result of having developed a confident cultural identity as well as appropriate school-based knowledge and interactional structures (Cummins, 1983). Active learning Bonwell, C.C., and J. A. Eison (1991) suggest that Active learning is generally defined as any instructional method that engages students in the learning process. Active learning requires students to do meaningful learning activities and think about what they are doing. The core elements of active learning are student activity and engagement in the learning process. Adopting instructional practices that engage students in the learning process is the defining feature of active learning. The importance of student engagement is widely accepted and there is considerable evidence to support the effectiveness of student engagement on a broad range of learning outcomes. Importance of language: Language is a mean of communication by which human beings express their feelings, emotions and fulfill their needs. According to Tariq Rehman, 1996: Language is a coin and what it buys in the market is power. Higher status and attractive jobs are attached with English language. The demand for learning a language is linked to empowerment. So English language is promoted in university education, so that the students can attain their goals. But this prevailing of language in higher education is not as simple as it seems because all the students have diverse demographics which do not equally support the speaking of English in classroom. The language barrier becomes an additional hurdle in students classroom participation. kachru (1992 pp.66-67) found that poor pronunciation and Accent problem stops many students to participate in classroom discussion. Kachru, (1995) points out majority of Asian students study through the medium of English but they are not proficient enough in English and reflect their regional varities of English while speaking. Sociolinguistics view of language: Sociolinguists are of the view that individual differences in oral communication among students are dependent upon social variables like age, status, ethnicity, gender etc. when students step in classroom, their pattern of language is already influenced by these factors (Scott, 1995). In he earlier studies, students communicative competence was considered as an important set of rules by learning these rules they can comprehend and participate in classroom context. If the student fulfills the specific requirements about language use, he can communicate effectively with class fellows and teachers. If they dont comprehend the class room communication system their learning is affected and they learn comparatively less. Due to language problem they participate passively in classroom activities. Difference between home language and classroom language also reflect upon development of students communicative competence. If these both languages are identical somehow, students are motivated to learn literacy events taken place in classroom (Morrow, 1993;Â  van Kleeck, 1990, 1995, 1998;Â  van Kleeck Schuele, 1987;Â  Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998). Vygotskys social constructivist theory played a major role in language learning theories. He is of the views that all learning is socially integrated. Motivation: The process of learning begins when an individual faces various social situations. These situations provide certain type of experience to the individual as the nature of the situation, which further enables the individual to behave in a certain way. All of these social situations give some sort if instigation, which act as motives and drivers for the individual. These motives and drives may be evident in the form of behavior of the individual concerned. Such kind of behavior undertakes the purposes which are indirectly dominated by the drives and motives. Therefore, a motive may be said as the base of the behavior of the individual, which works as internal factor to make individual behave in the desired direction. A motive is an internal factor that arouses, direct and integrates a persons behavior. It is not observed directly but inferred from his behavior or simply assumed to exist in order to explain his behavior (Marry, 1964, p.7). These motives not only describe the desired goal but also the role of the individuals in the concerning social situation. This undertakes individuals social as well as psychological condition. Motivation is a general term used to refer to any arousal of an individual to goal-directed behavior. The term motivation when applied to human is a Social-psychological concept and motivation cannot be considered apart from the individuals conception of himself, his social status and roles, and the existence of society and culture which define situations and appropriate and desirable behavior. (Theodorson and Theodorsm 1969, p.26) Motivatin participation: Studies have linked motivation and participation to students achievement (Eccles Wigfield, 2002). Students who gave importance to learning the material and have greater expectancy to be successful in a course are more likely to achieve at higher levels (Wigfield Eccles, 2000).Learners with a more positive attitude towards lifelong learning tend to be more persistent, more self-directed, and more self-confident (de la Harpe Radloff, 2000). They efficiently use cognitive strategies to maximize their learning (Zimmerman Martinez-Pons, 1992). Achievement Motivation: Achievement motivation is an important determinant of aspiration, effort and persistence when an individual expects that his performance will be evaluated in relation to some standard of excellence (Sill 1972, p. 27). Relationship between Performance and Achievement motivation: Atkinson and Connor (1966) conducted a study to find out the relationship between the task performance of students and the strength of their achievement motivation. The texture of the study revealed that the students with stronger motives to achieve success and avoid failure show greater performance for difficult risks and more efficient and faster tasks performance for difficult risks and efficient and faster tasks performance than those who had relatively weak motive to achieve success and avoid failure. The finding of this study suggests that stronger achievement motives determine the degree of the performance of the individuals which struggling to achieve their certain desired goals In the same token (Atkinson, OConner. 1996). Achievement goal theory: Various kinds of purposes of students towards participating in class room activities are based on their sentiments, thinking, performance and attainment according to achievement goal theory (Midgley, 2002; Ames, 1992). Most of the researchers emphasized on two major types of goals: Mastery goal: it enhances competence in the students. Performance goal: it concentrates on acting upon that competence. Both of these goals may be attained through the personal goal of the students (Urdan 1997; Kaplan, Middleton, Urdan, Midgley, 2002). Personal Goals The competence of the students might be improved through their personal goal and that competence is based on their own prior performance instead of the others (Maehr, 1984; Ames, 1992; Nicholls, 1989). Kaplan et al., (2002) argue that students of full devotion for the sake of being proficient in some specific skills may show their mastery goal. Both performance-approach goals and performance-avoid goals are ultimately depend on students personal goal (Skaalvik, 1997; Middleton Midgley, 1997). Diligence, attempts and efficacy beliefs are related with performance approach goal. However, refusal from participating in class room for the sake of achieving some tasks is often linked to performance-avoid goals (Elliot, McGregor, Gable, 1999; Kaplan et al., 2002; Urdan, Ryan, Anderman, Gheen, 2002). Adopting difficult tasks, good learning strategies, questing for something at the time of need, positive behaviour according to various tasks and fascinating class room atmosphere are the good consequences which could be attained through mastery goals ( Ames, 1992; Urdan, 1997; Kaplan et al., 2002). Classroom Goal Structures: Ames (1992) stated that according to goal theory, class room, the nature of the students and their beliefs may affect the motivational factor of the students. Class rooms with more performance- focused may put negative impact on students than that of a normal class room. Negative results may include various types of cheating and different kind of misbehavior in the classrooms (Kaplan et al., 2002; Turner et al., 2002; Urdan et al., 2002). Multiple Goals Students may have multiple goals along with other various types of goals as some researchers have noticed this in different ways. This is compound of different sorts of personal goals and it is therefore, called multiple goals. A few researchers indicated that multiple goals may have positive or negative effect as well (Meece Holt, 1993; Pintrich, 2000; Wentzel, 1991) Teacher Instruction and Achievement Goal Structures: The students perceive their goal structures according to the instructions of their teachers (Ames, 1992). Different teachers give instructions according to their vision. Middle class teachers detail their students according to their knowledge and in the same manners teachers of all classes motivate and direct their students in their own way. Turner et al., (1998) gave a brilliant idea about motivation of the students that what teacher says and in which manner, is main pillar among students to be motivated. The Association between Personal and Environmental Factors Covertly or overtly, the motivation of the students depends upon their behaviour as individuals as they treat in the classroom whether they obey the instructions or demonstrate ignorantly (e.g., Elliot et al., 1999; Pintrich, 2000; Patrick, Ryan, Pintrich, 1999). Most of the researches try to inquire in learning process in the class room but they seldom effort for knowing the atmosphere of interaction among students that how much differently they behave in the same classroom (Patrick et al., 2001; Turner et al., 1998, 2002 ) Aspect of person-in-context undertakes the responsibility to know how individuals and environments influence on each other (Lemos, 2001; Vauras, Salonen ; Magnusson Stattin,1998). Socio-cultural theories are used to assay the process of children being socialized in the classroom and in the systems of meanings along with the way they try to take these meanings by their own as well (Brown Campione, 1994). ` According to Rogoff, (1990), pint of view, the child and social world are essencial for each other. Factors affecting students participation in the class and suggestions as well: More of the students appear to have an inactive role in the class room participation (Weaver Qi, 2005). Synthesis, evaluation, analysis and application are the more important things which are to be developed during class room participation (Tinto, 1997); (ACER, 2008). Weaver Qi (2005) argues that in large class room size, most of the students maintain their secrecy as well and have less opportunity to participate in the class room activities. The power of the instructor (Howard Baird, 2000), gender and the age discrimination of the pupils (Howard, James Taylor, 2002), the cognitive level towards class room(Chung, 2000;Tinto 1997) and also the sentiments of the students (Chung, 2000;Howard et al., 2002) are such factors which have significant influence on the interaction amongst students in the class room. The societal behaviour of students and teachers as well has a great effect on class room participation (Weaver and Qi (2005). The students get frightened by the instructor and lose their confidence to participate in different kind of activities in the class room (Dallimore, Hertenstein Platt, 2004;Chung, 2000). To lessen the gap among students and teachers and to provide student-friendly atmosphere enhance the degree of participation in various activities in the class (Weaver Qi, 2005; Auster MacRone, 1994). It means, the more the social links among student-teacher and among student-student, the more student-centered atmosphere there will be. The participation in the class room increases the reasoning of the students, critical thinking and creativity skills in them as well. (Tinto, 2002; Foster et al., 2009; Wilson Fowler, 2005). The best learning environment and participation could be increased through demolishing the factors like uncertainty and anxiety in the class room (Sim, 2006). McInnis (2001) suggested that the participation of the students could be increased in the class room through redesigning our curriculum and different types of courses in a significant manner which may prove a mile stone in engaging different groups of students with one another. Tinto (1997), related class room with academic and social interchange and by keeping this point of in mind, even a lay man can propose the idea of producing the social links among students with other students and with teachers also. Confidence Classroom participation: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines confidence as the mental attitude of trusting in or relying on; firm trust, reliance, faith, assured expectation, assurance arising from reliance (on oneself, circumstances, etc.). In the literature on the topic, confidence has been defined as a trait (Bernstein et al, 1994; McKinney, 1960) and as a situationally specific concept (Brodie, Reeve Whittaker, 1995; Champion, 1993). Confidence is assuredness in oneself and in ones capabilities (Erwin Kelly, 1985, p.395). In relation to social interaction it has been defined by Manning Ray (1993) as calmness and assertiveness during social interaction (p.180). Manning Ray (1993) found confidence as being the opposite of shyness and as situational. Some researchers referred to self- efficacy as confidence (Wanberg, Watt Rumsey, 1996) whereas, Bandura, originator of the term self-efficacy wrote in 1997, that confidence and self- efficacy are not the same. Confidence has been thought to be part of self-esteem or to be synonymous with the concept of self-esteem (Wells Marwell, 1976), whereas Coopersmith (1967) argued that self-confidence was a term used to describe the subjective state of self-esteem and reported that an individual who expresses negative attitudes towards himself thereby indicates that he has little confidence in his abilities to deal effectively with the events that confront him. Lawrence (1999) defined self-esteem as confidence writing confidence is self-esteem in practice and has two aspects: Confidence in abilities Confidence in personality Owens (1993) viewed self-esteem as being comprised of general self-confidence and general self-deprecation; he explained general self-confidence in terms of positive self-evaluation. Indeed, this lack of confidence (DFES, 2002, p.1) on the part of large numbers of students was considered specifically in recent policy documents concerned with the drive to enhance basic skills. It is, certainly, a crucial factor in learning at all levels. Reisenberger (2002) suggests that although there are still situational and institutional barriers for students participation in the classroom to be overcome more attention need to be directed towards dispositional barriers, particularly factors linked to learners confidence. Students feel shyness when they are asked to take part in classroom (Fassinger 1995; CELT 1998). Sometimes students show lack of confidence because of the fear that they may seem unintelligent to their fellows and teachers while answering the questions or presenting their point of view on an assigned topic and so they feel it comfortable to remain silent (CELT, 1998). Thsee issues can sometimes be traced to a lack of participation by students (Howard Henney 1998). Many research work indicates that although the individual learner can affect his/her own level of confidence, tutors, peers, mentors and workplace supervisors can help increase the learners confidence by providing support, encouragement, and constructive feedback. Such learning support needs to unpack meanings of confidence in task-specific contexts in order to overcome particular dispositional barriers. Self confidence: The students who feel shy and hesitate to ask the various questions in the class are assumed to have lower level of achievement motivation. Whereas those who do not feel this kind if hesitation are expected to have higher level of achievement motivation Students Personality Type and Attitudes towards Classroom Participation: Personality is one of the affective factors that are equally important for explaining differential success among students. Extroversion is linked with risk-taking; introversion is considered under the concept of self-esteem (Brown, 2000). Passive students: mean who do take part in class room activities frequently are often punished by the teachers. Overtly or covertly, their being passive in the class could be either because of their personality. Personality is two types as following: Extrovert Introvert These types of personality affect classroom participation according to the situation. Personality is also more important for learning process. Extrovert personality is linked with risk-taking where as introvert is associated with self-esteem. (Brown, 2000) Similarly, Galvan and Fukada (1997/1998) put forth their experience of avoidance from participation in student-centered classroom because of personality factor. They also concluded that extroverts participated in the classroom more than introverts. Often students of introvert personality couldnt raise even a single question. Extroverts are more interactive than that of introvert students in class room because introverts like to have few friends in the class but extroverts keep on enhancing their company (Myers, 1962). Introverts often fail to achieve the norms of the academic requirements due to less participation in classroom (Barrett Connot, 1986) as Carskadon (1978) concluded that extroverts, though have few thoughts, they act more than that of introverts who have more thinking power but act less than extroverts. Myers (1962), suggests that extroverts tend to prefer learning situations that afford interaction, while introverts tend to prefer small groups. Galvan and Fukada (1997/1998) found that extrovert students participated more than introverts. The participants who self-reported as having passive learners were least likely to initiate a question or volunteer an answer to a teachers question. Additionally, knowledge of personal preferences can help teachers and administrators understand and predict student performance so they can restructure the situation to facilitate more student participation. Barrett and Connot (1986) found that introvert learners do not get involved in classroom activi ties and have lower academic achievement. Extrovert students usually produce more action with fewer thoughts whereas introvert students produce various thoughts with little action (Carskadon, 1978). Constructivism of theory of classroom learning: Constructivism theory of learning and knowledge emphasis upon the learners active participation in constructing his own knowledge (Anderson, 1987; Jonassen, 1995; Resnick 1983, 1987; Schauble, 1990; von Glasersfeld, 1989, 1992). Constructivists consider that knowledge is gained when a learner uses his prior knowledge to understand the new information. So knowledge can be enhanced by instruction or guidance of teacher, but it is not a direct outcome of teachers instruction. As the construction of knowledge is dependant upon the prior knowledge of student, so all students get the understanding from teachers lecture according to his existing level of knowledge. Social constructivist perspective: Knowledge is socially constructed through collaborative efforts made by human beings (Brown, Collins Duguid, 1989; Cole, 1985; 1-lewson, Kerby Cook, 1995; Lave, 1988; Vygotsky, 1978). Knowledge can not be gained or a new concept is difficult to understand without its social context. Classroom factors: Tha construction of knowledge is also affected by classroom environment factors (Garner, 1990). A new concept is well understood by interaction with fellow students and teacher in classroom. Student Self-regulation of classroom behavior: Self-regulation of cognition and behavior is an important aspect of student learning and academic performance in the classroom context (Corno Mandinach, 1983; Corno Rohrkemper, 1985). There are a variety of definitions of self-regulated learning, but three components seem especially important for classroom performance. First, self-regulated learning includes students metacognitive strategies for planning, monitoring, and modifying their cognition (e.g., Brown, Bransford, Campione, Ferrara, 1983; Corno, 1986; Zimmerman Pons, 1986, 1988). Students management and control of their effort on classroom academic tasks has been proposed as another important component. For example, capable students who persist at a difficult task or block out distractors (i.e., noisy classmates) maintain their cognitive engagement in the task, enabling them to perform better (Corno, 1986; Corno Rohrkemper, 1985). A third important aspect of self-regulated learning that some researchers have included in their conceptualization is the actual cognitive strategies that students use to learn, remember, and understand the material (Corno Mandinach, 1983; Zimmerman Pons, 1986, 1988). Knowledge of cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies is not sufficient to promote learners achievement; they also must be motivated to use the strategies as well as regulate their cognition and effort (Paris, Lipson, Wixson, 1983; Pintrich, 1988, 1989; Pintrich, Cross, Kozma, McKeachie, 1986). There are some classroom tasks that can motivate the students (cf., Corno Rohrkemper, 1985; Malone, 1981), it is also evident to suggest that students perceptions of the classroom and their individual motivational orientations and beliefs about learning are relevant to cognitive engagement and classroom participation and performance (e.g., Ames Archer, 1988; Nolen, 1988). General expectancy-value model of motivation (cf., Eccles, 1983; Pintrich, 1988, 1989): This model presents three motivational components linked to the three different components of self-regulated learning. An expectancy component, which includes students beliefs about their ability to perform a task in the classroom: The research suggests that students who believe they are capable engage in more metacognition, use more cognitive strategies, and are more likely to persist at a task than students who do not believe they can perform the task (e.g., Fincham Cain, 1986; Paris Oka, 1986; Schunk, 1985). A value component, which includes students goals and beliefs about the importance and interest of the task: It includes students goals for the task and their beliefs about the importance and interest of the task. This motivational component essentially concerns students reasons for doing a task. The study recommends that students with a motivational orientation involving goals of mastery, learning, and challenge, as well as beliefs that the task is interesting and important, will participate in more meta-cognitive activity, more cognitive strategy use, and more effective effort management (e.g., Ames Archer, 1988; Dweck Elliott, 1983; Eccles, 1983; Meece, Blumenfeld, Hoyle, 1988; Nolen, 1988; Paris Oka, 1986). An affective component, which includes students emotional reactions to the task: It deals with students affective or emotional reactions to the task. There are a number of affective reactions that might be relevant (e.g., anger, pride, guilt), but in a classroom learning context one of the most important seems to be test anxiety (Wigfield Eccles, 1989). Effect of Socio-economic factor on classroom participation: Socioeconomic status is positively correlated with both educational attainment and achievement. The higher the students socioeconomic status, the greater his or her educational accomplishment is likely to be. The national Longitudinal Studies revealed several direct positive relationships between educational success (classroom participation) and socioeconomic status. One such relationship was found between the students socioeconomic statuses and their scores on various standardized tests administered as part of the study. One each test students from successively higher socioeconomic categories got better mean scores. Students come to college/university with variety of talents and handicaps that predispose them to towards academic success or failure and as they move through academic institute they continue to be influenced by these factors and others that are beyond the control of educational institutions. Family background and classroom participation: Students position in college and society are determined in large parts by their family background. Coleman (1996) and Jencks (1972) found that one-half to two third of student achievement variance is directly related to home variables such as socioeconomic level (Greenwood and Hickman, 1991, p. 287). Some home environment factors that influence student achievement include social class of family, early home environment, parenting style, type of mother child interaction, effect of the mother working, parent involvement in school decisions and activities, family and student aspirations, and the number of children in the family (Rubin and Borgers, 1991). The more children in the family, the less time parents interact with each child. Family and students aspirations for the future are another aspect of the influence of class, racial, or ethnic background. Parents who set high standards and have high aspirations for their children are more likely to have high-achieving children. James Coleman and colleagues found that black and white seniors had comparable aspirations; the difference was in taking the necessary steps to carry out their goals. Black students felt that they had less control over their environment and left their fate to luck and chance (coleman et al., 19666), though many lower-class black mothers find multiple strategies to encourage their childrens academic achievement (Rosier, 1993). Educational and social class background and classroom participation: Educational and social class background is the most important factor in determining differences between students. In fact, Jencks findings indicate that family background accounts for more than one-half of the variation other in educational attainment. Regardless of the measure used -occupation, income, parent education-family socioeconomic status is a powerful predictor of academic performance. Children succeed in large part because of their family background and what parents do to support their children in their education. Parenting style and parental expectations play a crucial role in setting the child, educational agenda. Guidelines about after school and weekend activities, television watching, home- work and other school- related decisions give the child structure and help the child set goals (Dornbush and Ritter 1992; lee, Dedrick and Smith,1991). One of the most important ingredients in a childs success in school is the degree of what parental activities help or harm childs school achievement. Involvement of parents is shaped by their social financial resources, their opportunities to be involved, and their own orientation towards education. Cultural effect on classroom participation: Difference in cultural background does also have effect on perceptions about classroom participation. Japanese students show long silence in interpersonal dealings and protection of face in classroom as well (Winbush 1995). Chu Kim (1999) found that Vietnamese students prefer to be right than to initiate the discussion. According to Chu Kin (1990) Concept of classroom participation among Asian students is different than other students. They consider the class participation just as answering the questions not to interact actively with fellow students and to pose questions. They are reluctant to comment on fellows presentations. They always prefer one-sided feedback from the teacher rather than from whole class critique. Dunphy (1998) found that western universities have their own social conventions that are not familiar to overseas students. Their social conventions also include the rules for classroom participation. Parents involvement in

Engineering Genetic Logic Circuits for Cancer Cells

Engineering Genetic Logic Circuits for Cancer Cells http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n12/full/nbt1209-1071.html http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/publications/syntheticbiologyroadmap-pdf/ (Accessed 11 10 2016) Engineering genetic logic circuits for cancer cell recognition and treatment Over the past 60 years, the field of molecular biology has experienced significant advances. Following the genomic revolution, genetic engineering enabled to modify endogenous gene networks using technologies such as site-directed mutagenesis, DNA recombination, DNA sequencing, synthesis and others. Now, after rigorous engineering, the field of synthetic was born making it possible to create novel biological entities that behave in a controllable and predictable manner 1. Synthetic biology is defined by the Royal Academy of Engineering as The design and engineering of biologically based parts, novel devices, and systems as well as the redesign of existing natural biological systems 2. It builds on the work of conventional genetic engineering by not only focusing on individual genes but by applying an engineering driven perspective designing and creating complex artificial biological systems. At present, synthetic biology has been applied in a wide range of areas demonstrating its potential to solve major global challenges in the fields of bioremediation, biosensing, production of biofuels, biomaterials, therapeutics, and biopharmaceuticals. Examples comprise the creation of organisms that could clean hazardous waste such as radioactive elements or arsenic 3, modification of yeast for the production of isobutanol 4, engineering viruses and bacteria to treat cancer 5,6, and the development of a diabetes treatment using an optogenetic gene circuit 7. Synthetic biology makes use of engineering analogies such as the one illustrated by Andrianantoandro and collaborators were it is compared to computer engineering at different hierarchy levels (Figure 1). Both disciplines take a bottom-up approach by integrating its component parts to build a more complex system. At the bottom are the biochemical molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins and other metabolites) equivalent to the physical layer of capacitors, transistors and resistors in computer engineering. One level up at the device level, physical processes are controlled by biochemical reaction comparable to engineered logic gates. By connecting and integrating these modules into host cells, synthetic biologists can program cells with the desired behaviour. More complex tasks can be accomplished by using a cell population, in which cells communicate each other to perform in a coordinated way, much like the case of computer networks 8. Finally, from an engineering point of view, what synthetic biologists are doing now is quite like what electrical engineers have been doing for many years, designing electronic circuits using standard components, such as resistors, capacitors and transistors. The difference lies in the building blocks that are used. Synthetic biologists design genetic circuits with specified functions using standard engineered biological parts such as genes, promoters, ribosome binding sites and terminators. In this regard, synthetic biology is to biology what electrical engineering is to physics, which both deal with electrons but one focuses on the understanding of their nature and the other aims to make use of them to build useful applications. Â   Â   Synthetic biology follows a hierarchical structure, building up systems from smaller components. At the lowest level are the parts, which are pieces DNA that encode for a single biological function such as a promoter. These parts are then combined into the next layer, the device layer, which is a collection of parts that performs a desired order function (e.g. the production of a protein). Devices are further combined into a system, which can be defined as the minimum number of devices necessary to perform the behaviour specified in the design phase. Systems can have simple behaviour (e.g. an oscillator) or a more complex behaviour (e.g. a set of a metabolic pathways to synthesise a product.)Parts and devices are usually treated as modular entities in design and modelling. This means that it is assumed that they can be exchanged without affecting the behaviour of the other systems components that are left untouched. At the module level, biological devices can be used to assemble comp lex pathways that function like integrated circuits. Early synthetic biology studies began developing circuits in prokaryotic organisms. Inspired by electronic, first systems made use of basic elements such as promoters, transcriptional repressors and ribosome binding sites to create small modules. These modules included the construction of oscillators 9, genetic switches 10, and digital logic gates 11. The successful construction of the first systems demonstrated that engineering-based methods could be used to programme computational behaviour into cells 12 (Figure 2).

Training Environment :: essays research papers

Using your Training Environment Tips for survival Your training environment is the most essential and important element of your presentation. It is the difference between a good presentation and one that will keep the participants asking for more. The five most important features of your training environment will be: 1. White Board 2. Flipchart 3. Projector 4. Space 5. Body Language A good presenter uses his training environment in the most effective and coordinative way possible. Here are a few tips that will help you use your training environment in a more effective manner, while giving presentations. White Board The white board is your medium of writing and projecting the presentation. In the modern world, white boards have revolutionarized and have added features in built such as a play, pause and stop button for you presentations and images. They can be connected to your projector to run your presentation more effectively and easily. But as much as technology may change, the basics of the white board will stay the same, and they are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leave margins on the corners of the board. Do not fill up the board too much especially around the corners. Keep a spacing of 5 inches from the left/right and top/bottom corners of the board. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always use a non-permanent marker on the white board. This ensures easy reusability of the board at various levels. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The color of the markers should be bright and solid. Do not use faint markers as they are not clearly visible. The purpose is easy visibility, not the formality of writing. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The letters should be at least  ½ â€Å" high and should be in capital letters. Caps case is easier to read. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use a variety of color markers for highlighting and adding variety to what is written on the board. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When using the white board as the projection screen make sure is cleaned and has no patches of ink. If you have written over the projection on the board then ensure that you wipe it before proceeding to the next slide. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not stand in front of the board if there is something written on it. Flip Chart The flip chart is your medium of that extra unit of writing and displaying your points. It is often termed as the trainers â€Å"companion†. The flip chart is mostly used as a tool for writing or illustrating points that are a part of the presentation, but may or may not be a part of the power point slides. Some key tips for using the flip chart are:

Use of Devices in Londons To Build A Fire :: London To Build a Fire Essays

Use of Devices in London's To Build A Fire Jack London uses the devices of plot, setting, and characterization in this short story "To Build A Fire" to convey his message that humans need to be social. London sets an average, middle-aged logger in a deserted Yukon trail during a wintry season. The temperature is seventy-five degrees below zero and the logger and his husky are traveling towards Henderson Creek, about ten miles away, where the logger's companions are located. London places the man in this Yukon environment to symbolize that in this cold, cruel world, we need to learn how to benefit from each other. Prior to embarking on his journey, the logger is given advice from an old-timer at Sulfur Creek that "no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below". The logger thinks this is "rather womanish" and believes he can survive by himself. Along his journey, the man encounters death as he falls into a spring, where "At a place where there were no signs, where the soft, unbroken snow seemed to advertise solidity beneath, the man broke through. It was not deep. He wet himself halfway up the knees before he floundered out to the firm crust". Then the man builds a fire beneath a tree and snow falls over it putting it out. London creates these natural events in the plot to prove they are not the cause of the man's death. Using characterization, London is able to display on account of who is alive at the end how one benefits from being social. The old-timer at Sulfur Creek is alive because he is experienced and wise enough to benefit from others' experiences that it is not wise to travel alone in the Yukon. The boys at camp are also alive because they are together and can benefit from each other. The logger's husky is alive because it is well-suited for the Yukon environment, while the logger is not. Unlike the other characters, London has the man die at the end of the story to display that he dies because of his arrogance in his ability to travel alone. Use of Devices in London's To Build A Fire :: London To Build a Fire Essays Use of Devices in London's To Build A Fire Jack London uses the devices of plot, setting, and characterization in this short story "To Build A Fire" to convey his message that humans need to be social. London sets an average, middle-aged logger in a deserted Yukon trail during a wintry season. The temperature is seventy-five degrees below zero and the logger and his husky are traveling towards Henderson Creek, about ten miles away, where the logger's companions are located. London places the man in this Yukon environment to symbolize that in this cold, cruel world, we need to learn how to benefit from each other. Prior to embarking on his journey, the logger is given advice from an old-timer at Sulfur Creek that "no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below". The logger thinks this is "rather womanish" and believes he can survive by himself. Along his journey, the man encounters death as he falls into a spring, where "At a place where there were no signs, where the soft, unbroken snow seemed to advertise solidity beneath, the man broke through. It was not deep. He wet himself halfway up the knees before he floundered out to the firm crust". Then the man builds a fire beneath a tree and snow falls over it putting it out. London creates these natural events in the plot to prove they are not the cause of the man's death. Using characterization, London is able to display on account of who is alive at the end how one benefits from being social. The old-timer at Sulfur Creek is alive because he is experienced and wise enough to benefit from others' experiences that it is not wise to travel alone in the Yukon. The boys at camp are also alive because they are together and can benefit from each other. The logger's husky is alive because it is well-suited for the Yukon environment, while the logger is not. Unlike the other characters, London has the man die at the end of the story to display that he dies because of his arrogance in his ability to travel alone.

Stephen King’s Biography Essay -- american authors, the stand

Stephen King was one most of the popular American authors in history. He was born in Portland, Marine on Sept 21, 1947. He was raised by his mother, Nellie Pillsbury, and his father, Donald King. Today, Stephen King and his wife, Tabitha King, are living in Florida. â€Å"He and Tabitha Spruce married in January of 1971. He met Tabitha in the stacks of the Fog Library at the University of Maine at Orono, where they both worked as students.† (King) He published his first horror novel while study at the University. â€Å"While at college, King supported his education and family’s hard pressed finance by taking small jobs and selling stories to various magazines.† During his early career, he was famous for a series of horror novel called, â€Å"Dark Tower Stories†. In the late 1990s, he was injured by a car crash which resulted in a very bad condition in his leg and lung, too (â€Å"Stephen Edwin King†). Now, he and his wife support local community charities and a scholarship for local high school students in Florida (King). Stephen King show of his life where it has influences of his writing and how it did impact many people. King’s fascination with honor of fact his writing throughout his career. The first evidence of Stephen King being very interest in horror showed in his work in his early education (â€Å"Stephen Edwin King†). He read a scary comic book which affected how he wrote (â€Å"Biography of Stephen King†). â€Å"Much of King’s early works were science fiction based, but because he lacked the scientific grounding, they tended to be a bit thin on detail, but still excellent for someone of his age.† Later, he combined science fiction and fantasy in his writing to have more eff... ...21006/Top- ten-Stephen-King-books.html>. King, Stephen. "The Stand." www.goodreads.com. Goodreads Inc, 11 Feb 2014. Web. 11 Feb 2014. . King, Tabitha. "The Author." http://www.stephenking.com/. Stephen King, 06 Feb 2014. Web. 6 Feb 2014. . "Stand: The Complete & Uncut Edition." www.stephenking.com. Stephen King , 23 Apr 2012. Web. 9 Feb 2014. /stand:_the_complete__uncut_edition_the.html>. "Stephen Edwin King." www.thefamouspeople.com. FAMOUS PEOPLE, 06 Feb 2014. Web. 6 Feb 2014. edwin-king-34.php>. "Stephen King." http://www.greatamericanwriter.webs.com. N.p., 14 Feb 2014. Web. 14 Feb 2014. .

Cebu My Hometown Essay

Cebu is located in central visayas approximately 1 hour from manila via airplane, Cebu is known for delicious roasted pork and famous in the works of guitars and delicious pastries. Cebu is one of the famous cities around the country as â€Å"Famous Places in Philippines† by ShareRanks three years ago. I will tell you the beautiful sights and relaxing places located in Cebu but not all. First is the Trans-central Highway a 33 kilometer long road from barangay Lahug Cebu city to Balamban(my home town). Some views in Trans-central are breath taking, and it is a 930 ft. above sea level highway. Island in the Sky is one of the best place to visit in Trans-central Highway, they have a small swimming pool and a short hanging bridge, and cottages that you can hang out and eat with your family and friends. Adventure Cafe also located in Trans-central Highway, walking distance from Island in the Sky, and good thing about Adventure Cafe is their adventure base activities such as zip line, wall climbing, rappelling, and stress walk, but honestly haven’t tried their activies, maybe when I go back. There are more place to visit in Trans-central Highway, buy i can only mention two places you can visit. And the last place I want to share is the Whale shark watching, it’s not in Trans-central Highway, there is no whales in 930 ft. above sea level. (haha) It is located in Tan-awan, Oslob, Cebu, 2-3 hours travel or around 177 kilometers south from the Cebu City. There are beaches that offers a tour and rentals for motor banka, but it is very expensive for non-Oslob residents. Whale shark watching is not only available in south side Cebu, but also in north side Cebu. So today I told you the beauty that you can find in my home town, But that’s not all, there are plenty of places you can discover by yourself.

Quality Control Department Essay

In an get to cut be in the superior Control Department of XYZ deli, it is significant to commencement ceremony identify the be to determine which aspects of the participations none control functioning digest be eliminated, if every at all. Quality control be can be divided into three several(predicate) classifications. These classifications ar streak costs, appraisal costs and mischance costs (Stevenson, 2008).measure costs be costs generated in the affect of impeding product mis recalls or flaws in evidence to supply nodes with XYZ deli cross off gauge products or to improve accepted products. ginmill costs argon the close to indispensable of the quality control costs. It is slight expensive and much less problematic to repair a flaw or defect before the product prep atomic number 18s the node. Prevention costs include non and planning and administrative procedure costs, exclusively excessively education/ teach and increase equipment maintenance c osts. It is important that all employees ar trained accurately throughout the quality control process in order to produce XYZ Deli quality products and to fancy a decline in the supposition of erroneous design and productivity (Stevenson, 2008). likely tradeoffs for this cost would be if employees ar non trained properly, ensuring the job is being through with(p) correctly may result in the production of unsatisfactory product. This could voltagely recall loss of sales or fortune costs beca get going the products be being indisposed produced. However, increasing the cartridge clip spent teach employees could delay the production process. This would also pee-pee fortune costs because the product would take longer to getto the client.While hinderion costs are most vital, appraisal costs are necessary to realise customers are being provided with the high quality products expected from the XYZ Deli brand. This would include costs of watchfulness of products to de termine if product standards and parameters are being met, as thoroughly as to detect any product flaws. An physical exertion of appraisal costs is inspection costs. followup costs are incurred during the quality evidence process. This includes the cost of the inspection facility and inspector auditor salaries, as well as any seculars, appliances or tools used to test XYZ Deli brand products (Stevenson, 2008). A potential tradeoff to not inspecting product could also allow defective product to reach the customer, creating opportunity costs. Poorly produced products go forth not be well received. At any rate, the tradeoff for properly inspecting all the product being produced could set back the time it takes for the product to reach the market also creating opportunity costs.Finally, ill luck costs are generated when components of the product or the product itself is faulty. mishap costs can be either privileged or external. Internal failures are those detected in one of t he production phases before the product reaches the customer. There are numerous issues that contri furthere to an internal failure such issues include faulty materials received, haywire handling of material, defective equipment, and improper use of equipment. Examples of internal failure costs are loss of production time, worthless material and the cost of regenerating previous work and/or the rebuilding of the product, as well as the cost of inspecting the reworked product. Other examples of internal failures include potential damage to equipment possible safety issues causing employee injuries.External failures are failures that are identified after the customer has received the product. Such issues are not discovered during production or inspection process. These costs are much more than expensive and much more nasty to correct because the product has already reached the consumer. Examples of a failure costs include managing customer complaints, account powerfulness and possi ble litigation. Overseeing warranty issues, providing replacements and payments are also examples of failure costs. Animportant failure costs to avoid is the loss of customer loyalty (Stevenson, 2008). non only does XYZ Deli want to recruit new customers, it is important to retain current valued customers. Not finding a way to take care of the consumer may give the fraternity a poor reputation, creating more opportunity costs.While each of these costs is expensive, they are necessary in maintaining the reputation of a growing lodge, such as XYZ Deli. Prevention appraisal costs are the favourite(a) way to disperse funds because they prevent failure costs. Failure costs are much more expensive for the company, not only in terms of money, but also in terms of the companys reputation, good will and the ability to retain current valued customers. If XYZ Deli spends the time and money on the book such as ensuring proper training in production and inspection, the company will save mon ey in the future.ReferencesStevenson, W. (2008). operations management (10th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill ISBN-13 978-0-07-337784-1.