The Effects of Creatine on Athletes Bodies Essay -- Drugs Steroids Sp

The Effects of Creatine on Athletes BodiesFrom a very early age sports are introduced upon both childly boys and girls. Although it begins with sportsmanship and teamwork, it begins to evolve into new objectives when these young athletes bring down high school. In fact, high school sports are vastly different. Your mind is trained to obliterate the opponent and win at all costs. This mentality preempt often lead many young athletes to turn to supplements to assist in muscle building. The most common supplement in recitation currently is Creatine. term athletic departments and sports nutrition stores claim that it is harmless, why do so many high school athletes end up with severe muscular and pulmonary handicap? The answer has yet to be clearly defined, but we do know of some side impressions which raft lead to both positive and interdict results in the continued use of this supplement. In order to understand what effects could result of creatine use, we must first explore w hat exactly creatine does in our body. Creatine is an amino acid which acts as a building block in the construction of proteins in the body. Muscle cells take the creatine and store it as energy for future use in the body. During intense exercise, phosphocreatine is broken down to creatine and phosphate, which is used to regenerate ATP. The remaining creatine in store in the muscle cells may also increase the regeneration rate of energy after intense exercise. This serves as an extra boost of energy for young athletes. Currently, scientific studies indicate that creatine ordain boost an athletes maximum performance level by 5-8%. There is also evidence that leads sports nutritionists to believe that creatine can boost total energy output by 5-15%. At this point, it seems... ...ct, but I have yet to hear of any drug that can kick in almost forty pounds of muscle in a month without posing severe health risks. Currently, there are not any proven clinical studies that show side effe cts as drastic as what I have personally witnessed. According to the American College Of Sports Science, the only proven side effect of creatine is future weight gain of a substantial amount after an athlete has stopped using the supplement. Unfortunately, the true negative effects will not be fully understood until many years on down the road. In the meantime, parents and athletes alike need to take a stance against the use of dietary supplements at the high school level.Sources1. Kreider, Richard P. (PhD), Creatine, the next ergogenic supplement? www.sportsci.org2. American College Of Sports Medicine, Summary on Creatine supplement. www.iahsaa.org

Casablanca and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays

Casablanca and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) How can a hero survive in a world gone mad? Both Casablanca, the standard 1940s film, and 1984, a piece of classic literature by George Orwell, revolve around a world in chaos, where it is impossible to trust anyone, and a fight wages on within and without. In 1984, the protagonist, Winston, hides from a totalitarian, thought controlling government, that is out to stomp out all aggression against the Party. In Casablanca, the lead character, grow, dealt with a world rocked by the impacts of World War II, where everyone was a spy, and even the spies were spied on. Both wish for hope and courage in their mutually exclusive worlds, yet entirely Rick finds hope in his. Winston dies with utter hopelessness, where no one will ever know of his life or deeds, yet he dies a hero. Rick is a cynic, tossed into a chaotic yet romantic world, and comes forth victorious. In Casablanca, we emerge with a feeling of hope, and joy, that the force s of good can win, and that eventually we will dominate over our enemies, wherever or whatever they may be. While slochky and romantic, Casablanca is a touching movie, and probably one of the best ever made. 1984 on the other hand, is a deep psychological thriller. In the world of utter thought-control, we find that even a strong hero such as Winston, is struck down by the party, for simply being alive, and that the virtuosity within humanity will eventually be overcome by our greed and lust. Their struggles are that of man against the oppressor. Both 1984 and Casablanca deal with a world gone mad, and the struggles of not-so-ordinary people. Oftentimes, parallels can be made between characters in the two. Renault can be compared with OBrien, because both are double agents in their own ways, and one neer knows for which side they work for. Of course, in the end OBrien is an agent of the Party, and Renault is a sympathetic Frenchman, who befriends Rick - Louis, this is the begin ning of a beautiful friendship. Sam of course, is stability. He cant be bought or sold, and is seemingly a constant, always there and never too deep into the problems of the world. Sam represents the carefree aspect in all of us, the feeling that wed just as soon turn our attention away from the war and hum a tune.

Relationships Between Vietnam Soldiers and Their Families :: Vietnam War Essays

The relationship between the soldiers of the Vietnam War was different from the relationships with people from alkali. The soldiers felt as if they could non tell the unanimous truth about the war through their eyes to their loved ones at home. The soldiers that they were with all the time understood the pain and confusion individually other felt, save no one talked about it. War changed how people had relationships with others. War could bring people closer or tear them apart.The relationships between the soldiers and their families grew or forced them to become distant. The soldier did not want to worry his parents at home and knew that they would not understand what he was passing through. In the Documentary skilful America Letters Home from Vietnam, directed by Bill Couturie, showed these relationships change. One soldier writes to his mother and tells her that for a second, he felt as if he was on vacation because it was so beautiful in Vietnam. One had to think that this man wrote this to his mother only for her to worry less. He did not want to tell her the whole truth on what was really going on inside of him. Would anyone from the outside world understand? P.S. tell mom not to worry, there is nothing I cant handle. The soldiers could handle the physical horrors that were happening to them, but the mental status of many the soldiers were becoming breakable. How could you tell someone not to worry about you, when you do not even care what was going to happen to yourself. The soldiers were all prepared to die, but waiting was what was driving them crazy. They did not want to tell their 17-year-old girlfriend at home this because she would never understand. How do you tell someone that you love that you are loosing your mind and do even know who the enemy is anymore? Downplaying the whole war business office to your loved one was the only way to keep yourself sane and not make them worry too much about you. All of the men were scared, yet did not k now how to show it. They could not show it to their families in letters because that could do nothing but make your mother worry that you were not going to make it. We all scared, one can see this emotion in each individual, some hide it with their mouth and others hide it with their actions.

Frederick Douglass Essay -- English Literature Essays

Frederick DouglassThe narrative piece written by Frederick Douglass is very descriptive and, through the map of rhetorical language, effective in describing his view of a slaves life once freed. The opening line creates a clear introduction for what is to come, as he state, the wretchedness of slavery and the blessedness of freedom were perpetually before me. Parallel structure is present here, to emphasize the sanctity he has, at this back breaker in his life, associated with freedom and the life-long misery he has associated with slavery. This justifies what he chooses to do next, as he leaves his chains and successfully reaches New York, a free state. The metaphor apply within this description is also effective, as chains give the reader a sense of prison, captivity, and a lack of freedom this is exactly how Douglass felt as a slave. One simile used when describing how he feels when at last free, as one may imagine the unarmed mariner to feel when he is rescued by a friendly m an-of-war from the pursuit of a pirate. This simile demonstrates the fear and anxiety each present within him as he enters this free state as an unarmed mariner approaches a man-of-war, an armed battle ship, fear would undoubtedly be present, and as he is rescued by this armed battle ship the unarmed mariner would be likely to sense relief, however one would still not know what to expect on this armed battle-ship had he escaped his evil pirate, or merely entered into a worse danger? It is in th...

Essay --

Freedom the privilege for women to be just as capable as men. In 1848, the first womens convention took tooshie in New York, there was continues discussing about the rights that women had. For example, a popular topic was applying for a job. Most men thought that women werent capable of working in an office they thought that women should stay home, look after the children, while cleaning the house. Little did men know how inconsiderate they were being, how successful women have been throughout meter and how much of an impact they have made to the world. Women proved men that they can achieve anything in life if they work hard for it. A campaign for women was form before the Civil War began they tried forming an alliance to strike against womens rights. In the 1919s, women were given the advantage to vote amongst men called the Nineteenth Amendment, their vote wouldnt be refused. The Nineteenth Amendment was formed by Susan Anthony and accompanied with Elizabeth Stanton, established the amendment to the Senate which was passed by the congress July 4, 1919. Some women in the ...

Essay --

Freedom the privilege for women to be just as capable as men. In 1848, the first womens meeting took place in New York, there was continues discussing about the rights that women had. For example, a popular topic was applying for a job. Most men thought that women werent capable of functional in an office they thought that women should stay home, look after the children, while cleaning the house. Little did men know how inconsiderate they were being, how successful women have been passim time and how much of an impact they have made to the world. Women proved men that they can achieve anything in life if they work hard for it. A incline for women was formed before the Civil War began they tried forming an alliance to strike against womens rights. In the 1919s, women were given the advantage to take amongst men called the Nineteenth Amendment, their vote wouldnt be refused. The Nineteenth Amendment was formed by Susan Anthony and accompanied with Elizabeth Stanton, established th e amendment to the Senate which was passed by the congress July 4, 1919. Some women in the ...

Narendra Damodardas Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Essay

Narendra Damodardas Modi (nrendr dmodrds modi ( listen), born 17 September 1950) is the 15th and current Prime Minister of India. Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), also served as Chief Minister of Gujarat from 200114. He represents Varanasi as its segment of Parliament (MP). Modi was a key strategist for the BJP in the successful 1995 and 1998 Gujarat state election campaigns. He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001 and served longer by utmost in that position than anyone else to date. Modi was a major campaign figure in the 2009 general election, which the BJP-led National Democratic league lost to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA). He led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which resulted in an outright majority for the BJP in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian parliament), the first time that any political party had done so since 1984. Modi is a Hindu Nationalist and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).23 He is a controversial figure both within India as hale as internationally4567 as his arrangement has been criticised for the incidents surrounding the 2002 Gujarat riots.78Modi has been praised for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of economic growth in Gujarat.9 However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.10 Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers belong to the backward Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of erstwhile Bombay State (present-day Gujarat), India.1112131415 He was the third of four children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife, Heeraben.16 He helped his father sell tea at Vadnagar railway station. As a child and as a teenager, he ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.1718 In 1967, he completed his schooling in Vadnagar, where a teacher descri bed him as being an average student, but a keen debater who had an recreate in theatre.1719That interest has influenced how he now projects himself in politics.20 At the age of eight, Modi came in gather with RSS and he began attending its local shakhas where he came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who is known as his political guru and mentor. Inamdar inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak, a junior cadet in RSS. During his morning exercise seance at the keri pitha shakha of RSS, healso came in contact with Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, leaders of the Jan Sangh who later founded the BJPs Gujarat state unit in 1980.212223242526 Modis parents arranged his marriage as a child, in keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal and the couple were married by the time he was 18. They spent very(prenominal) little time together and were soon estranged because Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life.1727However as per Modis biographer Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, the marriage was never consummated.28 Having remained silent on his marital status, during declarations related to candidature during four state elections since 2002 and having claimed that his status as a single person meant that he had no reason to be corrupt, Modi hold Jashodaben as his legal spouse when filling in his nomination form for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.2930 As per Modi in Kishore Makwanas Common Man Narendra Modi, published in 2014, afterward leaving home at 17, he went to Ramakrishna Mission ashram in Rajkot and then to the Belur Math near Kolkata. Then he went to Guwahati and later joined another ashram square up up by Swami Vivekananda in Almora, in the Himalayan foothills.Two years after, he returned to Vadnagar and after a brief halt at his house, Modi left again for Ahmedabad, where he lived and worked in a tea stall run by his uncle where he again came in contact with Lakshmanra o Inamdar who was then based at Hedgewar Bhavan, the RSS provide in the city.212223 He then worked in the staff canteen of Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation until he became a fulltime pracharak (propagandist) of the RSS in 1970.25 In 1978, Modi graduated with an extramural degree through Distance Education in political science from Delhi University.2228 In 1983, while remaining as a pracharak in the RSS, completed his Masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.1931 He still continues to visit Belur Math occasionally3233 and talks about his dread for the Ramakrishna Mission.

Fahrenheit 451 Lit. Notebook

Phi Cao Carlin 1 English IIK 30, January 2013 1. Character Clarisse Quote I sometimes think drivers dont know what grass is, or flowers, because they never see them slowly, she verbalize. If you showed a driver a green blur, Oh yes Hed say, thats grass A criticize blur Thats a rose garden White blurs are houses Brown blurs cows. My uncle litter slowly on a highway once. He drove forty miles an hour and they jailed him for two solar days. Isnt that funny and sad too? (1. ) Analysis As Clarisse and Montag meet for the first time, she asks a series of gloomy questions that no one in the dystopia would ever even think of. The statements and questions display how wise she is and how there are very few people like her in this society that can actually see the enjoyments in life and nature. She attempts to acquit Montag understand that this world they live in, everything moves so fast, they need to slow down every once in a while and appreciate the simple pleasures in life.Because th eir society is overtaken by technology they are convinced that it is the only way to make them happy. Quote Are you happy? (1. 10) By asking a simple question like this, it challenged Montag to think beyond his usual capacity, thinking outside of his linguistic rule life. Hes began to have thoughts to the highest degree his definition of true happiness. He starts to realize hes not truly happy, thats why it took him a while to respond to her question. This quote by Clarisse is one of the most important quotes throughout the taradiddle.Without this quote, Montag wouldnt doubt himself about his true happiness. 2. Symbols Fire Quote We shall this day light such a candle, by Gods grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out. (1. 40) Analysis As the old woman whose house was about to be burned due to her love for books, she screams to Montag about Master Ridley and playing the man. As the story continues, Beatty reveals to Montag this quote said by a british man named Latim er. After critically thinking Montag learns that there are things in the world hat are worth life and dying for which no one in this society is willing to do. For the woman it symbolizes unyielding strength, determination and dedication. Quote The fire was gone, then back again, like a winking eye. He stopped, afraid he might blow the fire out with a single breath. But the fire was there and he approached warily, from a long way off. It took the better part of fifteen minutes before he drew very close indeed to it, and then he stood facial expression at it from cover. That small motion, the white and red color, a strange fire because it meant a different thing to him.It was not burning. It was warming. (3. 145) Analysis Throughout the whole story Montag saw fire as nothing but destruction and he took pleasure into book burning at the beginning. So now seeing that this fervour as a nice warming home for him, it begins to make him question. This small warm-felt fire began to make hi m see what hes been so clueless about all along. Burning books wasnt the solution but the problem. He then reconsiders about what Clarisse said about firemen. What if his job was really to stop burning books and rather than starting them?

Fresh Food and Canned Food

Eating is most important activity in our life. just about people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat only 1 time a day. We run in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we be responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The three briny differences between fresh food and canned food are flavor, health benefits, and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor.Fresh food have commodious flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned food however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some early(a) chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. comparing both types of foods there is another difference. There is a health factor that affects both of them.Canned foods lose some of the original fre sh food nutrients and vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food moreover could also become toxic if consumed too often. unless another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods.When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it makes you buy it, but when you open it later you will see that they do not match and the taste is not good. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, however sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to spend at least 2 or 3 hours, but you will get delicious food that everyone will enjoy it. Fresh foods are always good for your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get canned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you sick and you mightiness get diseases from that.

Goal Setting for Academic Success

November 2010 Goal place setting for Academic Success Goals are like road maps they abide a person from one point to some other. Goals provide the pedagogy one ineluctably to reach a destination. The best instruction to get results is to cast for the future, only if bouncing one day at a period. Think ab let out the future how does one define success? What makes one happy? What drives a person? What makes a person get out of bed in the morning? Does success mean family, money, security, helping others, improving the environment, solving problems, a career, or a tip?Whatever a assimilator decides, the key to academic success is to strengthen ones leave behind to succeed and to do this one must mold academic destructions. The first step in saddle horse an academic finale is to define an attainable, relevant goal. A educatee must ask himself about his knowledge core values, what motivates the pupil, where does the student want to be tomorrow, next week or even a few years? What does the student want to do? Be very specific with academic juts. If a students desires are specific, goals will be specific. Never ask the questions, What if, or What would happen if.Make the questions a collateral affirmation of what the student will do. While developing a relevant goal, make sure to also ask if what is desired is attainable. After some thought write out a dupe description of a goal (Carter et al. 100). The second step in academic goal counterbalanceting is to defining a specific path. The student must think about what the virtually important goal is, and what is the first thing to do to start towards that goal? Then plan backwards in time and outline. Start by creating a rough outline or some type of map that includes specific steps in regard to the academic goal.The beginning of the students road map is this map macrocosm personalized just for the student. Outline specifically the steps towards goals, retentiveness in promontory behaviors an d bread and butter events that are under ones operate. In this outline define a specific educational path more or less significantly begin creating new rules for life especially giving thought to what one will do with events and behaviors that cannot be controlled (Carter et al. 100). Once the student has the big cinema in mind, the third step in goal setting is setting a time table.Ask when do you want to have a goal complete, being realistic in regard to the goal and the time that will be involved to accomplish it. Think about deadlines for the steps defined in the plan of action. Finally, begin keeping running of progress perhaps by blogging or writing in a notebook to keep track of progress towards stretchability the goal. Think of short -term goals towards academic exertion ranging from daily to weekly, even monthly or as far up to one-year. Long term goals can be set up to take 5 years to accomplish.Make sure to set deadlines for each step in a plan and keep track of th ose (Carter et al. 100). The fourth step in academic goal setting is for the student to measure them self. The student should be learning more at this point and what makes them tick. The student needs to keep a written move into of progress and set backs as well as finding a confidant to talk to someone the student can count on to help keep them on track (Carter et al. 100). The fifth and one of the most important steps is not getting stuck If a bump in the road to academic goals get in the way, the student shouldnt panicThe student needs to be aware that staying on track with a specific academic or any other personal goal can be rocky and may place un needed taste on them. The student should try to anticipate problems and think of ways to make changes to the plan of action if they run into trouble. If the student gets stuck, now is the time to reach out to family, trusted friends, school counselors and maybe even instructors for support. Plans arent always etched in stone and it s important that the student understands that plans can be altered, they should never give up (Carter et al. 00). Step six in achieving an academic goal is the most exciting part putting the students goal achievement plan into action, following the steps and trying not to sway from them. By conditioning, the student will be able to follow this map created as if life depends on it because in a way it does. This is the students future and they should take it very seriously (Carter et al. 100). Putting academic strategies into action is to achieve a desired goal. Prepare daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly action plans are your set of directions to achieve academic goals.Things to remember to include in a plan of action is time management, which would include how much time is spent studying everyday where the student will study, who the student will study with, and how the student will avoid distractions. be languishings assignments and important dates organized in a planner is very im portant. The student will then be able to refer to it on a daily. A student must also take into consideration negativity and how to avoid it, assuring that the short term goals are being met successfully.The student should be support even if they dont succeed at first to try again. The student may struggle at first deciding and committing to academic goals, but that doesnt mean they cant go back and order academic plans. Its important to note that in the beginning of the post collateral experience academically the student should start out simple but be concise. If the student is undecided on a major but even has to find classes to take, conquering the general education courses that the student will need to get into a major and attain a degree is a outstanding way to start short term goals.Some people might even benefit from this course of action because if they are dedicated to goals they have set, it will join on success skills in college once the student has reached the leve l to get into a degree program. This makes things seem a little easier later in the college years because the student has learned have how to manage time, and how to study and get the notices needed to succeed. A student always needs to remember the sky is the limit but its up to the student how they are going to get there or how you will not.Goal setting emerged as a theory in psychology everyplace the course of the last 35 years (Morisano et al. 255). Goal setting will recognize both a students conscious and unconscious mind and what the student wishes to achieve. Goal backing has the power to change a students life. While setting an academic goal in the proper way a student will achieve it. So the key with goal setting is to ensure that the right goal is set, and then begin working towards it, most importantly in the right put up. Goals can be supportive to a students self, academics, family and community. Goal Setting is a tool hat if utilise correctly can change the qualit y of ones life. It is beneficial in academics, personal, health, and business life. Setting goals can improve performance and ability at any given task. Students with clear goals appear more able to direct attention and effort toward goal relevant activities and away from those that are not (Morisano et al. 177). The authors go on to give voice that goal setting is healthy in establishing clear goals increasing self regulating skills, increasing enthusiasm, increased energy, persistence and less unprotected to anxiety, disappointment and frustration.Further more the article goes on to say that well defined goals appear to help students discover efficient strategies and modes of thought and perception. Even when a student doesnt realize a goal is in place it probably is for example the night before class one might be organizing books, materials, setting alarms to get up for class the next day not even realizing that these small goals achieved are to reach to the larger goal of gett ing to school brisk and on time.Not every student finds it easy to know what goals to set academically Goals which measure academic success might include an increase in grade point average, improvement in note taking effectiveness, or increased usage of an effective study system. Improvement in any area requires clear behavioral goals, clear outcomes and measurable ways to monitor the students goal-oriented behavior. Goals need to well-defined so that they are stated as an outcome, specified as actions, and numerically measurable. A student needs to be able to define goals using each of these three criteria.The improvement in goals is influenced by the clarity of goal statements (Carter et al. 94-119). The Steps to Achieving Great Goals are appreciating the value of a goal, deciding on the goal a student wishes to set, ensuring they are excited by the goal and documenting their goal as they forge through it towards achievement. The process of writing about a goal for example keepin g a journal detailing the academic goal, the ups and downs tie in to reaching it, how the student feels about it does appear to have some elements of magic about it (Lemos 480).Lemos goes on to say that this is because the process of documenting a goal does a enactment of very positive things for students. Writing about a goal ensures focus on exactly what the goal is, not just a general soupcon of what it is. Having a documented goal is a permanent record of the goal so that the student is consistently pursing the one goal, the student has a future record against which to measure progress, and the process of converting a goal from thought to words engages more of the brain and clarifies the instructions given to your unconscious mind.While setting academic goals in order to successfully achieve them, the student must ensure the goal is well formed as to identify the evidence that enables them to know when they have achieved it, most importantly identifying the students first ste p, ensure that achieving your goal fits into their life and the cost of the goal is not greater than the benefit that they will achieve. Finally a student wants to identify and remove any and all blockages, finally visualizing skills, talents and interests. For weekly goals, a student shouldnt choose something that is uncharacteristically demanding for them.A student can always do more than the stated goal so build on success by choosing something realistic (Lemos 480). Characteristics of a reachable goal are both thinkable and possible. The student is the key person here so they shouldnt set a goal that they dont call back in. The student needs to make sure that they believe they can do it and that it is possible to do in the time they have set aside. A reachable goal is measurable. If a students long term goal is to be successful, the will be more likely to reach that goal if they say it in concrete and specific terms.For instance, they might say that they want to be earning $30 ,000 a year by the time you are 25. For a weekly goal, move beyond statements like I want to do better in all my classes. Instead, the student should promise them self that they will read two chapters of history by Saturday. A reachable goal is flexible. sometimes our plans change sometimes we get sick. The student needs to be prepared to reassess and revise goals if necessary. If the are too sick to study, they may have to revise a goal into reading two chapters of history by extending the time to Monday. A reachable goal is controllable.The student should make sure they are in charge of the goal. If friends suggest that the best way to pass a class is to study old tests but the student knows that theyre learning style demands chapter outlines to get the material down, the student should stick with what works for them. The student is in control (Konar 1). A student may want help with academic goal achievement. by chance the student is not sure how to get started with goal setting or they are not sure what goals to set. The student may already have goals in mind and would like confirmation of the steps needed to achieve them. It could be hat they have got a goal setting program under control and may need a little bit of extra motivation or knowledge to keep them on track. This is the students chance to go through an adviser or counsellors as well as possibly a success coach who will keep the student headed in the right direction with information, encouragement and support (Carter 94-119). In conclusion goal setting produces improvements in academic success especially among struggling college students. Goal setting interventions can potentially help students establish not only goals but increase academic progress (Lemos 482).Goal setting strategies are encouraged for students on academic probation. Learning to set and maintain plans towards long term goals in school also extend into other areas of their lives, helping to improve themselves in other areas of l ife as well. Setting an important academic means everything to most students. The student should write a letter of intent, date it, and sign it. Next, the student should place this letter some where that they will see it everyday. The student should go to a friend or fellow student and make a commitment to promote and support one another it helps to be accountable to someone else. If a student develops dreams into goals, and goals into realities, then realities will become successes.Works Cited Academic Success Center. Academic Goal Setting. Iowa State University, 2010. Web. 1 Nov 2010. Carter, Carol,. Joyce Bishop,. Sarah Lyman Kravits. Setting and Reaching Goals Using Values, Stress Management, and Teamwork. How Do Set and Achieve Goals?. Edited. Sande Johnson. Boston Pearson Education Inc, 2009. Print. Kato, Fumie. Student preferences Goal Setting and self assessment activities in a tertiary education environment. Language Teaching Research. 13. 2 (2009) 177-179. Print. Konar, Carol. Goal Setting. Academic Success Center. Oregon State University, 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. Lemos, Marina S. Students goals and self regulation in the classroom. outside(a) Journal of Educational Research. 31. (1999) 471-485. Print. Morisano, Dominique, Jacob B. Hirsh, Jordan B. Peterson, Robert O. Phil, and Bruce M. Shore. Setting, Elaborating, and Reflecting on Personal Goals Improves Academic Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology. 95. 2 (2010) 255-266. Print.

A Brief History of American Political Parties

One will be making a wrong assumption to confide that the political parties we hear and see today just sprang and start existing in a day. These parties have come a long way and emphatically have where they are coming from and where they are going. In this essay, I will attempt a brief and concise of the major political parties in America. This I intend to achieve in the following paragraphs.First, the major political parties that I will focus on in my essay will be the parliamentary political party and the Republican Party, not that there are no other political parties but time and space will not allow me to pay off an exposition into their history. Apart from the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, we have other absolute majority parties like Libertarian Party, the Constitution Party and the Green Party as majority parties.The Democratic Party has come a long way to be the oldest political party in America and is presumably the oldest in the world. Thomas Jefferson an d pile Madison founded the Democratic Party in 1792 with other rivals of the then Federalist Party. The party was called Democratic-Republican Party. This was the platform that gave Thomas Jefferson the opportunity to be the Democratic President of the United States in 1800. The list of presidents the Democratic Party has produced is Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, William J Bryan, Franklin D Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy and Bill Clinton.The Republican Party is the second majority party in America. Anti-slavery expansion activists and modernizers founded it in 1854. The popularity of the Republican Party rose when Abraham Lincoln was voted president to be the foremost Republican president in the America. One guiding light thing is the role the party played in the American Civil War and Reconstruction. The party has had the seat in the white house under the security of Eisenhower, Nixon, Ford, Reagan and Bush. In terms of position, the Republican Party is rather socially conventional and economically tolerant.The Libertarian Party was founded in December of 1971 and is regarded as the third largest party in the United States. The party has its members in public office and is most popular of the other continuing third parties.Another third party that is worth mentioning is the Green Party that was founded in 1984. The philosophies that are linked with this political party are Green Politics, Liberalism and Progressivism. The party gained prominence during the Raphael Nadars campaign in 1996 and 2000.Also, it will be fundamental to consider the Constitution Party of America, which was founded in 1992 and was regarded as the U.S. Taxpayers Party but the name of the party was altered in 1999. The party can be impute to have produced a public officer in Montana by the name Rick Jore.ReferenceGreenfield, Steve (March 20, 2005) The Decline of the Green Party. CommonDreams.orgwww.prenhall.com/magleby

Hum Week

It also states that from 2002 to 2011 Divergence had approximately $250,000 charged to his arsenal credit card, which was paid with the campaign account, just never gave any explanation as to what the charges were for. The strategy for applying creativity that would best be used for this issue would be to devise or modify a process or system. App arently, the laws that are in place for this matter are not specific enough, and there is a lack of enforcement.These laws call for to be limited to make their requirements more detailed, and there needs to be improvement of the enforcement of these laws. ) How office you use the strategies for promoting curiosity In addressing this topic? Why do you think these strategies might be effective? In order to promote curiosity in addressing this topic I think that the best thing to do would be to nourish more people involved in the process of change. When doing this, opinions can be heard and used to heighten the levels of curiosity. By allo wing more people to be involved, it provide bring better resolving powers as well.I feel this strategy would be very effective, because the most effective instruction to promote curiosity and devise a virgin yester of laws to avoid any further discrepancies would be with questions. The answers to these questions will provide better Ideas for the changes that are needed. It will also provide ways to change the way the laws are enforced. In my opinion, If the penalties for breaking the laws became stricter, there would be less of a chance that the laws would be broken. A possible solution could be to employ unbiased workers to declare track of what Is being spent and why It Is being spent. ) How might you use the various methods for producing Ideas to appropriate the blabs from the original article and still present a actual and persuasive case? Using the various methods for producing Ideas can eliminate the blabs direction In this article by using forced uncommon responses, usi ng stop association, and constructing pro and con arguments. By using forced uncommon responses, the common and familiar (bias) Ideas can be avoided or dismissed. This will give way for the more open mind (non-blabs) Ideas. The use of free association will allow for a more relaxed and controlled responses.Constructing pro and con arguments can be done, but solitary(prenominal) tit the safeguard of going out of your way to construct arguments and Ideas that can malignant a neutral outlook. It Is very Important to always keep In mind that there Is more than one side to the Issue or problem. Both sides need to have the same attention In order to answer up with the most effective solution. Having biased opinions and Ideas will only add to the problem, and make the solution more difficult to achieve. BY Hottentots Essex County Executive, Joe Divergence, was using his campaign pecuniary resource to pay for of these laws. How might you use the strategies for promoting curiosity in ans wers to these questions will provide better ideas for the changes that are needed. It will also provide ways to change the way the laws are enforced. In my opinion, if workers to keep track of what is being spent and why it is being spent. 3) How might you use the various methods for producing ideas to eliminate the bias from the methods for producing ideas can eliminate the bias direction in this article by using ideas can be avoided or dismissed.This will give way for the more open minded (non-bias) ideas. The use of free association will allow for a more relaxed and with the safeguard of going out of your way to construct arguments and ideas that can maintain a neutral outlook. It is very important to always keep in mind that there is more than one side to the issue or problem. Both sides need to have the same attention in order to come up with the most effective solution. Having biased opinions and ideas will only add to the problem, and make the solution more difficult

American Civil Liberties Union

The the Statesn Civil Liberties Union more commonly known as the ACLU is unmatched of the most prominent advocacy groups in contemporary American society. The ACLU is a non-profit and non-partisan organization based in New York.ACLUs primary advocacy has always been the tax shelter of the constitutional rights of US Citizens. Moreover, it is part of the ACLUs mission to extend those rights to demographics which have been traditionally denied the same constitutional rights as the average American citizen.These groups accept Native Americans, the poor, transsexual and transgender people, and prisoners to name a few. The major activities of the ACLU in advancing its advocacy include association education efforts, lobbying for desired legislation as well as supporting litigation which seeks to establish protection for civil rights (About Us).HistoryThe ACLU can trace its roots to World War I. A ascendent of the ACLU, the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM), was established in 1 914 to oppose American entry into the war. With the eventual entry of America into World War I, Crystal Eastman, the executive secretary of the AUAM together with Roger Baldwin, a social worker, founded a authority of Conscientious Objectors.The Bureau worked to oppose the draft as well as to advise conscientious objectors. In 1917, the AUAM created a new independent organization the National Civil Liberties Bureau. Eastman and Baldwin then shifted their focus on the NCLB later on which the AUAM folded soon after (The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950 Finding Aid).Baldwin continued his opposition to the draft, himself deliberately violating the Selective Service comport which resulted in his imprisonment in 1918. Upon release from prison, Baldwin helped establish the ACLU in January 19, 1920.Unlike the NCLB, the ACLU was established as a standing(prenominal) organization which shall live on even after the war. At the time of the ACLUs founding, the US positive Court has failed to uphold even a single free speech claim. The infant ACLU quickly got itself abstruse in noteworthy cases such as Sacco & Vanzetti, the Scopes Trial and the Scottsboro boys (Cottrell).The early ACLU concentrated on fighting the causes of the bear on movement, believing that advancing labor causes would result in their desired changes in society. During the 1920s most of ACLU backing came from Albert Desilver, another founding member of the ACLU and the Garland Fund.Media mileage during the Tennessee Scopes Trial helped the ACLU gain reputation and raise property for its efforts (The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1950 Finding Aid).

Iso 9000, Service Quality and Ergonomics Stanislav Karapetrovic

To cite this entry Stanislav Karapetrovic, (1999),ISO 9000, dish up calibre and bioengineering, Managing utility tone, Vol. 9 Iss 2 pp. 81 89 Permanent link to this document http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/09604529910257948 Downloaded on 17-10-2012 References This document contains references to 27 other documents Citations This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document emailprotected com This document has been downloaded 1952 fourth dimensions since 2005. * Users who downloaded this phrase likewise downloaded *Rujirutana Mandhachitara, Yaowalak Poolthong, (2011),A model of guest loyalty and corporate social responsibility, Journal of go Marketing, Vol. 25 Iss 2 pp. 122 133 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/08876041111119840 Harold W. Webb, Linda A. Webb, (2004),SiteQual an merged measure of Web site character reference, Journal of Enterprise info Management, Vol. 17 Iss 6 pp. 430 440 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17410390410566724 Rabiul Ahasan, Daniel Imbeau, (2003),Who belongs to ergonomics? An examination of the tender factors community, Work Study, Vol. 52 Iss 3 pp. 123 128 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/00438020310471917Access to this document was granted with an Emerald subscription provided by ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF GAZA For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, and then please use our Emerald for Authors run. Information ab issue how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines argon getable for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more training. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over forty years experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leaders independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education.In impart, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online crossways and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also whole works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related centre and download information correct at time of download. Perspectives ISO 9000, service prime(prenominal) and ergonomics Stanislav Karapetrovic 1. Introduction In the last decade or so, we feature witnessed an gush of tint-related normals and regulations.As a result of the continuous quest for better choice of productions and services offered to customers, the International Organization for normalization introduced the ISO 9000 series of bore watchfulness and quality authorisation standards in 1987. The series currently includes three models for quality assurance (ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003), guidelines for quality management (ISO 9004), and two supporting documents ISO 9000 Guidelines for Models Selection and Use and ISO 8402 flavor Vocabulary (Figure 1). The ISO 9000 sta ndards shit been accepted worldwide, with more than 200,000 organizations already registered.The standards present a sound basis for ensure the customer of quality of products and services, as well as the processes that create them. Several other quality-related standards have since emerged, such(prenominal) as the automotive standards QS 9000, milieual management standards ISO 14000, and emerging health and safety international standards (Figura, 1996). The upcoming modification of ISO 9000 standards in the year 2000 (now in the form of a Technical Committee Draft) is expected to further hurry the use of quality assurance methods the world over.Another commonly used phrase from the 1980s and 1990s has been total quality management (TQM) an integrated approach to the management of quality with special emphasis on delighting customers and meliorate the wellbeing of all employees in the organization. A number of articles have been written on the descent surrounded by the ISO 9 000 series and TQM (Johnson, 1993 Struebing, 1996 Wilson, 1996 Velury, 1996 Corigan, 1994 Sakofsky, 1994 Emmons, 1994), underlying the opinion of quality management professionals that the two ar not quite the same.While ISO 9000 series ar technical, presenting speci?cations, requirements and guidelines for quality organizations, TQM emphasizes teamwork and customer satisf achievement. devote another way, TQM is quality management with a gentle hand. Does this mean that ergonomic aspects of the work outrank and customer satisfaction are not emphasized by ISO 9000? Does quality assurance (ISO 9000) emphasize ergonomics and 81 The author Stanislav Karapetrovic is based at the Department of Industrial Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.Keywords ergonomics, ISO 9000, Quality assurance, Service quality, Workers Abstract This paper care fores many ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based quality assurance. ergonomics the study of valet factors in engi ne room and protrude of organizations is brie?y touched on. Then, outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality clay models are provided, and all 20 requirements of the current ISO 90019004 standard are presented in an ergonomic light. Subsequently, human factors in the documentation and carrying out of a quality governing body are illustrated.The relevance of ergonomic studies in the using of service placements is addressed. Finally, a muster in for an ergonomic assurance musical arrangement, de?ned as a set of interrelated resources and processes that single-valued function in order to reach objectives related to ergonomic visualize and use of products and processes, is provided. Managing Service Quality Volume 9 Number 2 1999 pp. 8189 MCB University Press 0960-4529 Figure 1 ergonomics an essential element of the production and/or service dodgingRaw Material RESOURCES ergonomics PROCESS PRODUCT Output Input ergonomics COST ERGONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS pure tone CHARA CTERISTICS occupational health and safety? In the present time of globalization of markets and internationalization of best-practice standards, such questions sewer and should be posed. This paper addresses some of the ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based quality assurance. biotech, that is the study of human factors in technology and designing of systems, is brie?y touched on.Then, outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality system models are provided, and all 20 requirements of the current ISO 90019004 standard are presented in an ergonomic light. Subsequently, human factors in the documentation and implementation of a quality system are illustrated. The relevance of ergonomic studies in the development of service systems is addressed. Finally, the design of an ergonomic assurance system based on ISO 9000 is discussed. 2. Ergonomics It seems that it takes a disaster, loss of human life, or a health crisis for more or less of us to realize how beta human factors are.Before th e Three Mile Island incident, the Chernobil explosion, the Bhopal pesticide leak, plane crashes involving human errors, or ?ndings that millions of good deal suffer from repetitive stress injuries, it would have been hard to ?nd anyone who knew what ergonomics or human factors engineering are (not including the ergonomists themselves, of course). Today, however, we often hear about ergonomically knowing computer mouse and keyboard, 82 ergonomic chairs, pots, pans, door handles, and self-locking teller machines (ATM).We now know that ergonomic design of products and processes is bsolutely crucial for effective and ef?cient work. Ergonomics, or human factors engineering, deals with the design for human use, as well as optimizing working and living conditions (Sanders and McCormick, 1993). The ?rst term (ergonomics) is mainly in use in Europe, while the second (human factors engineering) is often heard in North America. The next de?nition, modi?ed from Chapanis (1985), is provided E rgonomics discovers and applies information about human behavior, limitations, abilities and other human characteristics to the design of systems for ef?cient, safe, comfortable and effective human use.Interested readers are referred to a classic in ergonomics, Sanders and McCormicks Human factors in engineering and design (1993), for more information on the history of the science and a detailight-emitting diode study of many applications of ergonomics. Ergonomics, almost by default, is implied in quality assurance. Quality assurance encompasses techniques used to provide con?dence to customers that their requirements for quality are met. Therefore, by de?nition, human factors are involved. Assurances in the quality of products and services are provided to humans, by humans.In fact, ergonomics and quality assurance are so intertwined that it is im executable to say where one starts and the other ends. Several articles in ergonomics literature have already discussed the use of qualit y assurance techniques in human factors engineering (for instance, see Helander and Burri, 1995 Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996). For an early describe on human factors in quality assurance, the reader is referred to Harris and Chaney (1969). Hence, in the following subsections, interrelationships between ergonomics and quality assurance will be addressed. 3.Quality Assurance (ISO 9001) and Management (ISO 9004) Of the three available models for quality system registration, ISO 9001 is doubtless the most comprehensive and most widely used. The current version (ISO 9001 1994), includes 20 elements (requirements), to which a quality assurance system of an organization is assessed (Table I). ISO 9001 covers design, development, production, installation and servicing activities. It is aimed at providing con?dence to internal and external customers that their requirements for quality are continuously met.An organizations anagement is the main internal customer, while external customers include consumers of the organizations products and services, as well as registrars that assess the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system. ISO 9001 is a generic standard, which subject matter that it is universally applicable to both manufacturing and service organizations, i. e. small businesses (Karapetrovic et al. , 1997), health care and education (Willborn and Cheng, 1994). Rather than cogitate on speci?c products and services, ISO 9001 addresses quality systems and processes in?uencing the product throughout its lifecycle.A quality system can be de?ned as a set of processes that function harmoniously, employ various resources, to achieve quality objectives (Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998A). It is in the interaction of human, material and information resources, as well as human resources and processes, that the ergonomic aspects of the quality system emerge. centering on the underlying concept of a system will help us understand the interrelationships betwe en the quality and ergonomic system, and provide a possibility for consolidation.Apart from ISO 9001, a set of guidelines numbered ISO 9004 is widely used for evolution and implementing quality 83 management. The set currently consists of eight documents, ranging from the guidelines on quality management in service organizations to con?guration and project management. For the purpose of discussing an ergonomic system in services, we turn our attention to the second document in the series, namely the ISO 9004-2 (1994) Quality management and quality system elements Guidelines for services).In essence very same in scope and structure to ISO 9001, ISO 9004-2 provides guidelines for establishing quality management throughout the service life cycle, starting from establishing the take on for a service, through service design, acquisition of resources, service sales pitch and status, as well as operation analysis and improvement. Differing from ISO 9001, these guidelines directly add ress interfaces with customers, including creating a perception of the appropriate image based on the man of actions taken to meet customers regards (ISO 9004-2 1994).Effective communication with customers, listening to them and keeping them informed, is particularly emphasized. What is also important from an ergonomic standpoint is that the guidelines provide the basis for adequate training of personnel, including motivation, staff development and communication. Although the training mentioned in that mostly involves quality system training, it could be expanded to environmental, health and safety, and ergonomic system training.For disparate strategies of using the quality system framework for developing other management systems, including environment and ergonomics, the reader is referred to Karapetrovic and Willborn (1998B and 1998C). In addition to ISO 9004-2, another standard from the ISO 9004 series, namely ISO 9004 Part 1 Guidelines for quality management and quality syste m elements, addresses some particular ergonomic aspects. This is done in the standards 19th element harvest safety. Speci?cally, it is suggested that consideration be given to identifying safety aspects of products and processes with the aim of enhancing safety (ISO 9004-1 1994).Steps to achieve this can include identifying pertinent safety standards performing design evaluation tests for safety analyzing instructions and warnings to the drug user Table I Ergonomic issues and implications of ISO 9001 (1994) ISO 9001 element 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Management responsibility Quality system Contract check Ergonomic issues Organization ensures that the quality policy is understood at all levels Procedures and work instructions are effectively documented/implemented Customer requirements are adequately de?ned and documentedImplications Quality system documentation should be designed and implemented using ergonomic (human factors engineering) knowledge Ergonomic characteristics of a product , such as environmental conditions, sensory characteristics square-toed handling and packaging should be determined (see Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996 Helander and Burri, 1995 Barsky and Dutta, 1997) Products should be ergonomically designed to ensure ruddy and safe functioning Quality system documents should be accessible . 4 4. 5 Design take for Document control 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 Purchasing Control of customer supplied product Product identi?cation and traceability Process control 4. 10 command and testing 4. 11 Inspection and test equipment 4. 12 Inspection and test status 4. 13 Nonconforming product 4. 14 Corrective and preventive action 4. 15 Handling, terminal, , delivery 4. 16 Control of quality records 4. 17 Internal quality audits 4. 18 training 4. 19 ServicingCrucial characteristics for safe and proper functioning of the product are identi?ed Appropriate documents are right away available at all locations where essential operations are performed Purchasing docume nts adequately address speci?ed requirements Adequate procedures for storage and maintenance of the product are in place Product is adequately identi?ed and traceable Suitable equipment and working environment are used Criteria for workmanship is stipulated in the clearest practical dash Records clearly illustrate the results of inspection and testing activities Suitable indicators of calibration status are identi?ed Inspection and test status of the product is identi?ed by suitable means Nonconforming products are adequately identi?ed and segregated Appropriate sources of information are used to detect and eliminate potential/ active causes of defects Adequate handling, storage, packaging, preservation and delivery of the product is identi?ed and maintained Quality records are adequately identi?ed, indexed, ?led and storedQuality records are easily accessible Quality audits are performed to examine the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system Training needs are identi? ed and adequate training provided Appropriate identi?cation of servicing needs and customer feedback is performed Ergonomic techniques can be used to ensure clear understanding of documents Safe and risk-free storage and maintenance of products is emphasized Identi?cation of products should be performed according to ergonomic guidelines regulations For identi?cation and maintenance of the suitable working environment and hardware, ergonomic analysis and evaluations must be performed Identi?cation of products and equipment should be performed according to ergonomic guidelines and regulations (for example, see Sanders and McCormick, 1993 (part 2), and Harris and Chaney, 1070 (chapters 6-11)Ergonomical analysis of human-information interaction is helpful (for instance, see Sanders and McCormick, 1993 (part 2) Ergonomical design and analysis of handling and packaging of products should be used Ergonomic techniques can be used to ensure clear understanding of documents, and accessibility of records Ergonomic audits/evaluations, identifying areas for possible improvement of human-machineproduct-environment interactions are performed Ergonomic training should be emphasized Ergonomic characteristics of a product, such as environmental conditions, sensory characteristics proper handling and packaging should be determined (see Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996 Helander and Burri, 1995 Barsky and Dutta, 1997)Statistical tools and techniques are used in ergonomic analysis and evaluations 4. 20 Statistical techniques The need for the application of statistical techniques is identi?ed 84 developing a means of product traceability to facilitate product recall considering development of an emergency plan The following section will address some ergonomic factors in the ISO 9001/9004 quality system structure, as well as suggest implementation of this system with ergonomics in mind. 4. Ergonomic considerations of ISO 9001/9004 Quality systems depicted in ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 sta ndards apply to all phases in the life cycle of a service, from initial identi?cation to ?nal satisfaction of customer requirements.The concept of all activities in?uencing the quality of a service throughout its life cycle is often referred to as the service quality interlace (ISO 9004-2, 1994). Thus, a service quality system involves three main elements (1) service (2) processes along the quality intertwine and (3) resources. Likewise, ergonomic considerations within a service quality system include Ergonomic design and delivery of service (and/or related products). Ergonomic design and application of processes. Analysis of the interaction between human and information/material resources Using Figure 1, it is possible to explain how quality and ergonomics interrelate in a quality system. Each product or service made possesses certain characteristics.For example, service quality is a set of characteristics that bear on the services ability to satisfy customer requirements. Erg onomic characteristics of products / services provide safe, healthy and ef?cient usage and/or delivery. It is evident that some ergonomic characteristics of a product (or service) are essentially quality characteristics (such as the design of the drivers seat in a car), and vice-versa. Also, service delivery processes have to satisfy certain requirements that may be ergonomic in nature. For example, the environment in which retail- pious platitudeing services hold out may be altered to provide safety for a swear teller working in it. Finally, ergonomic issues emerge when human, material and informa85 ion resources are combined to create a quality system.The current ISO 9001 quality system has a multitude of elements that are directly applicable to managing ergonomics and health/safety. Table I lists all 20 elements of ISO 9001 in the order in which they appear in the standard, illustrates sections and speci?c requirements which pertain to ergonomics, and provides ergonomic implic ations of the quality system. The implications range from adequate identi?cation of customer ergonomic requirements, ergonomically suitable design of products, services and processes, to identi?cation and maintenance of appropriate working environment and equipment.Such analysis of the ISO 9001 quality system shows that virtually every(prenominal) element of the system includes at least some ergonomic and/or health and safety aspects. This conclusion, however, is not surprising, since ultimately, quality is created by people, and for people. Not only does the content of ISO 9001 relate to human factors (Hansen, 1996), but also its context. A quality system must be adequately documented and implemented in order to operate effectively and ef?ciently. Quality documentation, as a pillar of the quality system, must be understood and right away available to all persons whose work affects quality, as well as understood by all involved. Ergonomically designed documentation will undoubtedl y help people understand their tasks better and improve their performance.New technologies, such as head-up-displays (Geiselman and Osgood, 1995 Karapetrovic, 1995), computer-aided communication (through electronic mail and the Internet) can greatly improve the implementation of a quality system in any organization. Examples include Operators using HUDs for display of quality procedures and work instructions. Paperless ISO 9000 documentation, i. e. documents available on-line using HTML or Java (Clarkin and Dow, 1997). Wireless electronic mail for reporting and analysis of quality-related problems. The following section addresses the implementation of human factors engineering in services, using ?nancial services as an example, in more detail. 5. Ergonomics and services How do ergonomics relate to service quality systems?To answer that question, we can follow the above-mentioned service quality loop from the inception of the need for service, to the evaluation of whether that nee d has been satis?ed. In designing a quality service, we must ?rst identify the need for it, as well as ?nd out who would actually need such a service. Put another way, we are de?ning the user and his/her needs. For instance, say we pauperization to open a assert branch in a specific location. Do local anesthetic bank users really need a branch there? What exactly do they need? Perhaps they need investment services, or easy access to cash, or mortgage consultations. Sanders and McCormick (1993) and Bailey (1982) de?ne the identi?cation of user needs through observation, interviews and questionnaires as ergonomic activities that apply here.Psychology-based tools of ergonomics deal in particular with an effective and ef?cient finding of user needs. The service system is subsequently designed on the basis of identi?ed needs. We have determined that local users require access to money from their accounts as well as the possibility of discussing investments. Now, we need to allocate re sources to postulate banking functions. These resources include people (bank employees), hardware (automatic teller machines (ATM), computers) and software. Which particular functions should we assign to people, and which to machines? For instance, for easy access to cash, we would assume that a 24hour ATM would be appropriate.However, what if most of the banks clients are seniors, who are still not prone to trusting machines in dealing with deposits or withdrawals, or if the bank is located in a place where people prefer customer service and contact with bank tellers rather than machines? Ergonomic studies help us in determining speci?c capabilities of people, hardware and software, and can provide signi?cant back upance in allocating system functions. Then, we can decide whether to completely automate certain functions, or to assign people to perform them, or use both machines and people. For example, a bank may decide to allow withdrawals of less than $1,000 from an ATM. If a customer wants to withdraw more than that, he/she would have to go to a bank teller. 86Once we have decided which resources the bank should have (say three ATMs, four tellers and two investment advisors), we need to perform an analysis of the required processes, activities and tasks. Put another way, we are listing the sequence of activities that need to be conducted in order to accomplish a speci?c function. Flowcharts are particularly helpful here. For instance, we can specify a procedure for cash withdrawals from the bank. This, in ergonomics, is called task description and analysis (Sanders and McCormick, 1993). Whenever we have some interaction between people and hardware or software, such as when a teller needs to input withdrawal information into the database, there are ergonomic implications.For example, in the bank where I normally do my ?nancial transactions, computer monitors and keyboards are placed so low in relation to the counter, that the teller needs to outlaw down every time he/she inputs the information, virtually disappearing behind the counter. Just imagine how many times the teller needs to bend like that every day, every week, every month. Put another way, in designing the work lay for employees, e. g. placing customer service counters and computers in determined locations, allocating space for safety deposit boxes, etc. , we inevitably in?uence the comfort, safety and ef?ciency of people working in such spaces. All these are ergonomic considerations that can in?uence the quality of the product or service.The likely reason why tellers in my bank still have to bend down to reach the computer is that it was probably never de?ned as a problem at all. The existence of an ergonomic program within the bank, with planned ergonomic audits and corrective actions, would certainly identify and determine such a problem. But how can such a program be introduced with minimum woo and maximum bene?ts? Perhaps the solution is in the integration of th e existing quality system with an ergonomic program. The integration of quality and environment management systems came naturally, since standards representing best practices were effectively established at the international level (namely ISO 9000 and ISO 14000).This should also be the case with occupational health and safety (OHS), since national and international OHS standards, dubbed ISO 20000 (Figura, 1996) are already emerging. The following section presents an approach to the development of an ergonomic assurance system on the basis of the quality system. 6. Ergonomics assurance system As was mentioned in Section 3 of this paper, the systems concept can greatly helper us in understanding the interrelationships of many production and management processes, among others, quality and ergonomics. For an excellent account of the relationship between ergonomics and the system design, the interested reader can refer to Sanders and McCormick (1993), Chapter 22. While the pplication of the systems concept to service quality is presented elsewhere (Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998A), it can be used to propose an ergonomic assurance system. We can de?ne ergonomic assurance as all those planned and systematic actions aimed at providing con?dence to customers, management and the normal public, that their requirements and needs for ergonomically safe products and processes are met.An ergonomic assurance system is then a set of processes and resources that function harmoniously to achieve objectives related to ergonomic design and implementation of products and processes.Note Proposed EAS elements are given in intrepid letters, while numbers represent sections of the ISO 9004-2 Guidelines 87 Similarly to the ISO 140011996 environmental management system, an ergonomic assurance system can include Demings plan-dostudy-act (PDSA) continuous improvement circle, with the following elements Ergonomic objectives. Planning and design (ergonomic aspects, targets, determinati on of system performance speci?cations, ergonomic system design). Resource acquisition and deployment (allocation of functions to people, hardware and software task analysis, design of jobs and human-hardware-software interfaces training). Operation (ergonomic control, monitoring and measurement). Corrective/preventive action (ergonomic audits). Improvement (ergonomic evaluations, communication with interested parties. Interested parties may include customers, for ergonomic characteristics of the product/service, and employees, for ergonomics of the workplace). Rather than adding speci?c ergonomic and safety requirements to existing quality standards (Barsky and Dutta (1997) suggest this), a separate ergonomic system standard can be drafted, and then integrated with existing quality management systems. Using the de?nition and the model of a quality system from Karapetrovic and Willborn (1998C), proposed elements of the ergonomic management system (EMS) can be illustrated as in Fig ure 2.For example, the executive management of an organization should de?ne an ergonomic policy that is documented and communicated to all employees. Ergonomic aspects of all activities and processes within the organization should be identi?ed and speci?c objectives and targets set. An ergonomic management program should be de?ned and documented, and adequate resources allocated. Operation of the EMS should include a story of responsibility and authority of people involved, identi?cation of training needs and a provision of adequate ergonomic training, and dressing of adequate EMS documentation. Corrective and preventive action to eliminate existing and potential problems should be undertaken, and ergonomic audits would assist in this effort.Finally, the executive management should review the status of the EMS, includ88 ing its effectiveness, suitability, and conformance to the requirements. 7. Conclusion This paper addressed some of the ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based qual ity assurance for services. Outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality system models were provided, followed by a discussion of the content of the ISO 9001 standard considering ergonomics and human factors. Ergonomic implementation of a quality system was subsequently addressed. Finally, possible development of an ergonomic assurance system on the basis of ISO 9001 and systems theory was presented. Further research into the development of ergonomic assurance systems is suggested.

Energy Efficiency

on that point ar various sources of cleverness available for use. However, efficiency is a limited and sparse resource that is not in abundance at all places. There is an ever rising need for more thrust, but the cogency supply and resources are limited. As a result, people have to develop means that can modify them to survive with the small amount of energy that is available. The proper and sustainable use of energy is known as energy efficiency.Efficiency is attained through the adoption of diverse technological methods of energy preservation. Efficiency in energy use contributes to economic growth while at the same time contributing to environmental preservation. It alike enhances competition and profit competency. Efficient use of energy is aimed at reducing the amount of energy necessary in the merchandise of good s and services. Research in all industries is driven towards improving production from industrial processes.These improvements occur in various ways and with different benefits. These improvements may lower capital costs, increase yields, cut operational costs and reduce energy and resource use. This also brings a number of enhancements including increased yield, inviolable working conditions and lower maintenance costs-just to mention a few. Todays world is precise competitive, and a single effort that can put a competitor a head of another is very essential.Energy preservation and efficient use may make a big difference in production costs as well as in the pricing of produce and services. The difference in prices is what determines whether a business will be successful or not. Reducing energy consumption also increases production. There is a clear relationship between energy consumption and productivity. Energy conservation improves m whatever sectors of any business organization. Firstly, energy conservation improves the capacity of any business organization to compete against fellow competitors.The ability to cheaply produce thos e results from energy conservation offers a company a competitive advantage all over other fellow producers that may be operating on high production costs. Secondly, energy conservation helps in the saving of the environment for example the use of fossil fuel and its extraction are two environmental degrading activities Therefore, any action taken towards their simplification is indeed a step towards environmental protection and conservation.Additionally, energy efficiency leads to the conservation of energy, because energy is saved for later use. Efficient use of energy also contributes to the reduction of boast within the environment. The use of most forms of energy produces roughly kind of waste into the environment. Examples of energy conservation may include insulation of wakening systems in order to prevent heat loss and lead to the use of less cooling and heating energy.Reducing energy use results in pecuniary saving and off sets additional costs incurred in the implem entation of energy efficient technology. The reduction of energy use is important in solving the problem of industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In some nations energy efficiency reduces dependency on international sources, and as a result it offers security to infrastructure industries. This offers a sense of national security as well as economic security, through the reduction of imports of energy as well as the reduction of dependency.

Exam Guide Ling

LING one hundred sixty Guidelines for exam 2 Exam Date, Time, and Room Exam 2 is on Thursday, March 28, 2012, room 3310, at 230 p. m. It will be about one hour long. Exam Format Mostly multiple-choice questions and a few open-ended, short-answer questions, like exam 1. Well have among 45 and 50 questions total. Unless stated otherwise, digest short, bullet-like, answers to the open-ended questions including only the relevant information and skipping unnecessary parts. For example, do non write I believe that one of the most important factors for XXX is just provide the most important factor(s), and do not exceed the space provided.If you have one line for an answer, do not write more than that. There will be deductions for lengthy answers. What to Bring Your SFU student ID, a pencil and an eraser for the Scantron Sheet, and a non-eras open blue or black pen for the open-ended questions. General Guidelines ? Practice doing the exercises in the text. Answers for most of them can be found at the end of each chapter. ? Though exam 2 will mostly cover the material discussed after exam 1, exam 2 will be cumulative. It will cover everything up to and including week 9, i. . , Chapters 1-10 from the textbook, including Ch. 10 Style, Context and Register, and the accompanying articles from the Reading List. ? focus on main ideas and detect examples supporting them. ? You do not have to memorize every single(a) example in the textbook chapters and articles from every language. However, you do have to know the definitions of major terms, their application, and be able to provide examples illustrating the terms discussed in the texts and in the lectures. 1 LING 160/Dr.Ivelina Tchizmarova March 14, 2013 What will the Exam Cover? Textbook It will cover Ch. 1-10, including Ch. 10 from the textbook. Articles It will also cover the articles from the infering proclivity up until and including week 9s disciplines on Style, Context, and Register (see the Reading List). Focus particularly on the following six articles and book chapters there may be open-ended questions on them, so read them c atomic number 18fully, and be prep ared to come up with your own answers 1. De Wolf, Gaelan Dodds. 990. Social and regional Differences in Grammatical practice in Canadian English Ottawa and Vancouver. American Speech. 65. 13-32. 2. Clarke, Sandra. 2006. Nooz or Nyooz? The Complex Construction of Canadian Identity. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 51. 2/3225-246. 3. Hoffman, Michol and James Walker. 2010. Ethnolects and the City Ethnic Orientation and Linguistic random variable in Toronto English. linguistic communication Variation and Change. 2237-67. 4. Clarke, Sandra and Philip Hiscock. 2009.Hip-hop in a Post-insular Community Hybridity, Local terminology, and Authenticity in an Online Newfoundland Rap Group. Journal of English Linguistics. 37. 3241-261. 5. Battarbee, Keith. 2010. Shifts in the Language of Law Reading the Registers of Official Lang uage Statutes. Text and Talk. 30. 6637-655. There may be multiple-choice questions on all of the remaining articles from the reading list for weeks 1-9 (not just the articles after exam 1) they will be based on main ideas and key supporting examples. ? Below is a sample list of topics to review for exam 2.For each topic (1) be able to provide definitions of the sociolinguistic terms (2) illustrate them with specific examples from divers(prenominal) parts of the world (3) yoke the term specifically to Canada based on the articles in the reading list and the group presentations (4) when terms are given in pairs (or groups), you hold to be able to tell how they are similar and how they are different from each other. ? For a more detailed list of topics, see the main texts control panel of contents on pp. ix-xii. 2 LING 160/Dr. Ivelina Tchizmarova March 14, 2013Sample List of Topics to Review Please origin that this is not an exhaustive list, and the questions on the actual exam ma y differ from these in content and format. 1. Regional and Social Dialects. 2. National and Official Languages. 3. Vernacular and Standard Varieties. 4. Language loss, language death, and language revival. 5. Gender-exclusive and gender-preferential language. 6. Age-graded features of language. 7. Ethnicity and language. 8. Social networks. 9. Language Variation and Language Change. 10. Style, context, and register.Other Reminders 1. Be on time. If you are late, you will not be given bare time to complete the exam. 2. Write legibly. If your answer is illegible, well mark it as wrong. 3. Please remember that there are no makeup exams in this course. If you are sick and cant write the test, inform me by email. Make sure you see a doctor and obtain a doctors situation for that day. The only medical form I accept is the Health Care Provider Statement from the SFU website below. If you need it, print it out, and have your doctor complete it http//students. sfu. a/content/dam/sfu/studen ts/pdf/healthcare-statement-general. pdf 4. Please do not email me questions about the exam. Ask your questions in class, so everyone can have the chance to contribute to and larn the answer. 5. Answers to exam questions will not be posted on webct or distributed to students. However, well discuss the answers to exam 2 in class a week after the exam, so if you would like to hear them, you need to run into the lecture. Remember also to bring your instructions with you, so you can check your answers. 3 LING 160/Dr. Ivelina Tchizmarova March 14, 2013

An overview of the conflict resolution theory Essay

difference Resolution TheoryIn contravene resolution, conceive nonions, also called the natural cognitive sorting mathematical operati champions, are the stimuli that unwittingly foment war. By taking a look at one-on-oneist and inter free radical relations, one and only(a) can better grasp conflict resolution as a way of mediation which may lessen the probabilities of the outbreak of political violence. This essay takes a blotto examination of the solution of single-level models of convince to inspire stir at the social level. The scaling up the process from individual treatment to social has its strengths and weakness. Controlled communication, sensitivity training, Freuds hydraulic model, complex mirroring and conscious raising mental hygiene are experimented means in conflict resolution to dissolve conflict at both individual and general levels.The natural cognitive sorting mechanism of dividing people into us and them engenders prejudice and in the keen-sighted r un, political violence. This perspective is typical to The Self and The Other concept in which people and conclaves are constructed to suspend the early(a) or any entity that is perceived as foreign and to include the self or other entities affiliated to the self. Protracted social conflicts typically involve an enduring set of antagonistic perceptions and interactions between communal gatheringsnegative attributions of motivations and reciprocal negative images perpetuate the antagonisms and solidify the conflict (Fisher 1997). This concept breeds the antagonization of groups which turns one group against the other, increase rifts and sharpening rivalry. Since this type of social cognitive process emphasizes differences between us and them, an elitism can arise which advantages one group over the other and fosters an unhealthy intergroup competition and mutual exclusion. With mutual degradation and demonized motives, each group continues to not only drift apart but rub against each other in a frictional relationship to produce an aggression fire.At the national level, us and them dichotomy leads to jingoism which is a superpatriotic form of nationalism. This ideology promotes the suppression of one and the superiority of a people. Fanatical patriotism and the prejudiced sentiment propose that another ships company must suffer in the power imbalance. (Paris 2004) agrees that exclusionary forms of nationalism also do work enemies of excluded groups. In other words, one nation categorizes, segregates and disadvantages another. As a consequence, the excluded party harbors resentment toward the opposing group. jaundice begets tension-filled relations, which beget mistrust. The polarizing effect of the us and them construct leads inevitably to suspicion and in a competitive environment, to perceived inequalities. Inequalities bequeath in the categorization of an oppressed and an oppressor, the victimized and the victimizer. At a particular point, one grou p arrives at a breaking point, demanding the redress of wrongs whether real or perceived and an equalizing of the playing field. (Fisher 1997) also recognizes that most conflicts arise when identity groups perceive that they are oppressed and victimized through a denial of recognition, security, fairness and political participation. Imbalances of power stimulate one group to react or even retaliate so hostilities erupt. It was a wave of nationalism which provokes WWII in which the Aryan Germans attempt to purge Germany of unwanted elements for the sake of the country. Similarly, in the case of Rwanda and other countries, ethnic cleansing or genocide take place because of inequality and a false sense of nationalism.Sorting out the Natural Cognitive ProcessesTo arrive at conflict resolution, one must broach the theme of altering intergroup perceptions. This method is an individual-to-social strategy in which with a deuce-ace party intervention, both groups can mutually exchange op inions and feelings. John Burton pioneers and implements a casework approach, a term used in social work to explain the methods implemented to solve an in individual or group problem. Controlled communication signifies a way to forge effective communication habits. Burton asserts that the source of conflict is miscommunication and the source of miscommunication is distorted worldviews or perceptions of the other. In practicing controlled communication, groups can share their prejudices and biases in a setting that diffuses anger and sets a more tender tone for talks would help improve relations. Also, Leonard Doob advocates sensitivity training which progresses the transition from individual-level change to bodied change. He puts forward that a small representative group ventilates their perceptions, opinions, and concerns to create awareness and better esurient of group processes. The sensitivity training workshop is similar to a psychological therapy conducted by a third party. Ideas and feelings are shared to increase interpersonal effectiveness. (Toft 2010) declares that giving voice to former combatants is a mechanism in conflict resolution to craft negotiation settlements in which renewed violence can be averted. This conventionalism follows the sensitivity training theory which enhances sympathy and increases chances at understanding and positive change.In Sigmund Freuds group processes theory, he posits that the groups way of thinking is spawned directly from the individuals. In Freuds hydraulic model, the principle is that just as it is dangerous to suppress feelings for fear of compounding them for a more dotty eruption, so at the social level, it is risky to continually inhibit ill-feeling by conflict resolution (Strachey 1966) instead, show would help diffuse tensions and instead of internalizing the resentment, the person finds relief in expression. In his work contact struggle a Chance (Luttwak 1999) examines the effect of peacekeeping wh ich only temporarily resolves the issue by satisfying parties. However, he advocates war as the means of reaching a more definitive and longer lasting conflict resolution.Complex MirroringComplex mirroring within the group setting is a way in which the individual change scalps up to the group level change. In remedying traumatized individuals, the victims join themselves to a group and begin to mirror one anothers feelings and experiences. A critic notices that by listening to one anothers individual presentation of personal experiences, participants gain a new perspectiveby listening to the series of such descriptions, they gained the experience of universality (Herman 1997). As a result, the individual-level change dynamic transmutes into the group-level change. As one witness the effect of trauma, the support group experiences secondary trauma as wounded members relate their experiences and seek emotional support. The relative incidence of secondary trauma gives rise to empower ment and awareness. Kathie Sarachild formulated the conscious-raising psychotherapy structures specifically for the individual but which could be used to effect social rather than individual change (Herman 1997). This method was implemented for rape-victims who were hush upd by the violence and trauma inflicted by another. In the scope of social change, political violence is a rotund injustice inflicted by one and visited upon the other. A remedial path is a sensitization rather than retaining the silence over the injury. As the publics consciousness heightens, a cure has to be suggested and taken. The beneficial result is that changes at the individual level were being linked with policy processes at the macro level (Fisher 1997). interlocking Resolution Strengths and WeaknessesIn conflict resolution, a strength of the individual to group model application is that groups typify a conglomerate body in which individual mirroring gradually filters into the groups ethics. The reason ing is that a group is comprised of individuals and since a group is made up of individuals, then a method aimed at effecting change in an individual can also be applied to the group. However, this method does not factor in the wide diversity of the individuals belonging to a group. One rigid rule utilized for one individual cannot work for a group because this view only facilitates the one-size-fits-all theory which is not socially viable.ReferencesFisher, R.J. (1997). Interactive Conflict Resolution, Syracuse University Press, New York.Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books Publishers, New York.Anonymous. (1996). Human Rights in Peace Negotiations, Human Rights Quarterly,18(2), 249-258.Luttwak, E. (1999). Give War a Chance, diary of Foreign Affairs, 78 (4), 36-44. Accessed 14 December 2011.Strachey, J. (1966). The Standard Edition of the arrant(a) Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 22,Toft, M.D. (2010 ). Ending civil Wars A Case for Rebel Victory, Journal of International Security, 34 (2), 7-36.Paris, R. (2004). At Wars End Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press.

Answer ls week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer ls week 6 - Essay typesetters caseThe stakeholders take away to be taken by the prudence as the principal assets of the organization. Therefore, managers in making decisions need to involve and take into account the interest of completely the stakeholders in a wedded over organization. The stakeholders of a given organization in most cases are taken to include the community, employees, suppliers and customers as well the potential investors and shareholders (Cots 2011). Hence, the tariff of managers in a company is to serve the interests of all its stakeholders, which in most instances is called stakeholder management, which is commonly negated with the linguistic rule form of corporate governance, whereby the stakeholder interests are principal. Therefore, it is within the ethics of management to treat the interests of the stakeholders equally without favoring a given stakeholder. This implies that the stakeholder management has the ethical responsibility of serving all the interest of the stakeholders present for-profit corporations, which pull up stakes not bout with the present system of corporate governance (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). The stakeholder management must assume that management decision-making is the primary pith by which the do goods of corporate wealth creation are given to the stakeholders , however , these accrued benefits might be also be obtained by other categories that interact with the corporation in many other ways, which in most cases is through the market (Cots 2011). As a result, it will be worth mentioning that management will unethically be acting by failing to serve the interests of the organizations stakeholders who are manifold in day-to-day creation of wealth. In addition, stakeholder management in an organization is right nevertheless, to put ferocity on the moral/ethical aspect that every stakeholder group must benefit from corporate legal action is paramount. This also makes managers to be aware of t heir moral responsibility to develop wealth that will eventually benefit all the stakeholders groups Question Two The idea of accreditedity has become primary aspect in management among the large organizations that need to promote workplace conditions significantly. I believe am an authentic leader because, authentic leadership entails leaders creating opportunities and strategies that will promote a common good for all the members of the organization. This means that as an authentic leader am able to inspire all the companys stakeholders by serving their interests as well as that of the company. Since am an authentic leader I have transformed my organization to greater heights of success (Cots 2011). By employing my authentic leadership standards and principles to the element of diversity work, as a leader I have been able to acquire understanding and support for the work, find out the departure between organizational and individual behaviors and principles, which serve as barrie rs, and create significant relationships for organizational growth all planned to intensify responsiveness and understanding and responsiveness for the value diversity has on organizational universe of discourse (Parmar, B.L. et al. 2010). Being an authentic leader, who can dig beneath the surface by discovering my purpose, principles, morals, and how I build relationships, has enabled me to direct a foundation for a greater obligation to organizational growth. That is so since attention is paid to values, purpose, and relationships, how we rationality regarding and acts upon, whereby these aspects will engage individuals, not only with their minds

Leopard and human conflict in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leopard and human races conflict in India - Essay ExampleFollowing the drastic reduction of human activities in the Chilla Range of Rajaji National Park in India, a highly populated tiger species is affect the existence of leopards (Harihar, Pandav, & Goyal 1366). Therefore, the latter brings up a reason to investigate some of the mechanisms of niche partitioning in the main in the leopard (panther pardus) inhabited areas of India. Based on assumptions of scholars, they opted to research on the possibility of an overlap between the tiger and leopards species. Assumptions directed that optimal habitats would now have tigers as the dominance therefore forcing leopards to move to the periphery of the protect areas (Harihar, Pandav, & Goyal 1365).Leopards encroachment in the Indian protected areas inhabited by humans is highly rising and causing drastic effects. Attempts to minimize the effects of human wildlife conflict in the area have proven visionary and it has become necessar y to understand the mechanisms by which the conflicts sur front (Pradhan, Dar, Rather, Panwar & Pala, 916). The latter is the only way to find a lasting solution for the problem. In addition, in a densely populated state like India, protected areas are minimal. In this case, large carnivores are very many, therefore, humans use landscapes as important habitats unavoidable for gene flow to occur between protected areas. Besides, humans in these landscapes possess domestic animals, which appear as easy prey for the leopards that roam around. Consequently, leopards frequent the protected areas in search of prey much(prenominal) as livestock and dogs. Therefore, it is arguably very vital to take care of these protected areas for the good of the human species (Athreya, Linnell, Krishnaswamy & Karanth, 2013).In India, wild cats such as leopards, tigers and lions when captured along human protected areas, do not face lethal measures due to cultural affiliations but translocated to a far away place (Athreya, Odden Linnell, &

Classical Criminology vs. Biological Determinism Essay

Classical Criminology vs. Biological Determinism - Essay manakinHuman beings in his theory ar believed to be hedonistic, acting in terms of their own self-interest, they atomic number 18 rational and are capable to consider the course of action that is really in their self-interest. In On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria girdle that in just society punishments ought to be proportional to the degree of crime, they ought to bring to mind the crime in the mind of observes, to strengthen the connection in the peoples mind between the crime and the punishment. Beccaria, p. 13-15Beccarias Classical Criminology claims that people by their nature are selfish and pursue their self-interest they want to avoid pain and increase their happiness Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p. 17-18 Also they are rational, capable of calculating what is really in their self-interest, and therefore faeces be considered to be free Beccaria, p.7-8Biological determinism, appeared in the 1920s, stays that biological fa ctors such as an organisms individual genes completely determine how a system behaves or changes everyplace time. Gibson, M., p.34 Considering certain gracious behavior, for example, committing murder, biological determinism look only at innate factors, such as genetic makeup, ignoring non-innate factors, such as social customs and expectations, education, and physical environment.As for the human nature, Lombroso thinks that all human behavior is innate and cannot be changed or altered. The theory of biological determinism claims that humans - their appearance, behavior, and even long-term fate - are entirely determined by genes Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p.36. Biological determinists deny that effects of environmental variables on a gene, and a single mutation can have far-reaching effects on the phenotype. Lombroso also states that everything in a person innate. According to his theory, the criminals cannot be ameliorate - they were born that way, that suggest a kind of defense f or the criminal. Lombroso, C., p.17 Moreover, biological determinism divorces human action from human responsibility, where the blame for actions is hardened on the genes exclusively it also negates the idea of free will entirely, because all behavior is said to be controlled by the genes. Based on the theory of the social contact, Beccaria suggests that if people lived without government, their interests would conflict and their lives be that of perpetual war. on that point would be no secure and hence little happiness. Beccaria, C., p.117-119 So that, he continues to think that therefore, people halt to give up some of their freedom for the sake of their overall tribute and happiness - they make promises not to do some activities, but do others. These promises he calls laws, and stays that laws are the terms under which independent and stranded men come together in society, in order to enjoy what remains in security and calm Beccaria, C., p.39.Beccaria says that peoples behavi or need to be controlled by the government with the help of laws, while biological determinism assume that human behavior is governed by the genes, and the environment here is not at all important in the determination of appearance, behavior, and functionality. Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p. 76As for the government, Classical Criminology (Caesar Beccaria, in particular) perceives it as the sum of the individual promises - so that, people have created the government in order to defend their mutual promises by laws and